-Use of various size mixes of Reef Balls
(i.e. ratio of small to medium to larger sized Reef Balls)

-Spacing and layout of the Reef Balls

-Addition of internal structure to create juvenile preferred habits

-Hole sizing and placement including surface texturing, bottom shape features, etc.

Coral Reef Transplant Notes 
Identified Hard Coral Diseases (The Coral Disease Page) offline

Here are some of the Reef Ball Specific studies being conducted which relate to how Reef Balls Mimic natural reef habitats: (not in any particular order of importance or size)

Posters for Displays

• ScientificReports/reefball_voids.pdf

• ScientificReports/AR_atr_vs_prod.pdf

• ScientificReports/AR_BACI_ostenberg_stmary.pdf

• EVALUACIÓN PRELIMINAR DE LA COLONIZACIÓN DE REFUGIOS ARTIFICIALES POR PECES EN PUNTA PALMAR, YUCATAN, MEXICO. MAFALDA FERREIRA^1.2, TERESA COLÁS-MARRUFO², ARMIN TUZ-SULUB², ESPERANZA PEREZ², XIMENA RENAN², y THIERRY BRULÉ^{2 1} Universidade  do Algarve – FCMA, Portugal ² Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Mérida, México Nov. 14, 2005

• Grand Cayman Marriott Beach Resort Project Oct 2005, Scientific Report by Dr. Lee Harris.pdf

• ScientificReports/03May Tamirand.pdf

• ScientificReports/2005Sept RB paper.pdf

• ScientificReports/portomarisurvey

• ScientificReports/BeachCommitteeReport-May2003[1].pdf.37861.3564699074.pdf

• ScientificReports/jan2201.pdf

• ScientificReports/HydromechanicsLab2002.pdf

• ScientificReports/reef_colonization.pdf

• ScientificReports/mt-2005-fl-speiler2-cr.pdf

• ScientificReports/4421.pdf

• ScientificReports/FR11900.pdf

• ScientificReports/FSMiami_May05.pdf

• ScientificReports/monitoringproceedings.pdf

• A. cervicornis restoration Presented at Coastal Zone 05 .pdf by Austin Bowden Kirby

• Richard Field Monitoring & News Report, Oman Reef Balls Sept. 2005.  (Fantastic natural coral reef growth)

• Distribution and Diversity of Fishes at Articicial Reef Balls Around Talang-Talang Islands, Sematan: Implications on Commercial Fisheries Researchers:Lee Nyanti and Nazzatul Asyikin Mohd. Najib (Unimas) in collaboration with the Sarawak Forestry Department and Department of Marine Fisheries.

Bulck, M. van den. 2004.

Portomarea Marine Monitoring, Coral and Fish/Invertebrate Survey, January 2004. (PDF, 367 Kb). Internal Reports Portomarie Foundation on Reef Ball project.

•   Bulck, M. van den. 2004. Portomarea Marine Monitoring, Coral and Fish/Invertebrate Survey, July 2004. (PDF, 315 Kb). Internal Reports Portomarie Foundation on Reef Ball project.  
•  

  Bulck, M. van den. 2003.

  Portomarea Marine Monitoring, Coral and Fish/Invertebrate Survey, January 2003. (PDF, 299 Kb). Internal Reports Portomarie Foundation on Reef Ball project.
  - Photos January 2003 (PDF, 402 Kb)

•  

  Bulck, M. van den. 2003.

  Portomarea Marine Monitoring, Coral and Fish/Invertebrate Survey, July 2003. (PDF, 403 Kb). Internal Reports Portomarie Foundation on Reef Ball project.

•  

  Bulck, M. van den. 2002.

  Portomarea Marine Monitoring, Coral and Fish/Invertebrate Survey, July 2002. (PDF, 266 Kb). Internal Reports Portomarie Foundation on Reef Ball project.
  - Photos July 2002 (PDF, 417 Kb)

• Bulck, M. van den, and P. Spiertz. 2002.

  Portomarie Reef Ball project. Presentation at the Caribbean Coral Reef Conference, October 2002. (PDF 615 Kb) 

• Army Corp of Engineers Current Status Reef Ball Breakwater Project for Miami.pdf

• Shore Stabilization for MacDill AFB; Phases II and III

• Curacao Scientific Monitoring Report Fish and Coral jan 2004.pdf

• Memphis Project Annual Report- July 2000 – July 2001 (Nova Southeastern Coral Propagation / Plugging Experiments, Coral Attractants, and Complexity Treatments on Reef Balls).

• ScientificReports/LeeHarris GCFI paper.pdf

• Curacao Scientific Reports /Fish Coral July 2003.pdf

• Cayman Island Marroitt Reef Ball Submerged Breakwater Project Update, July 2003.pdf (August Update ScientificReports/GC Marriott 03Aug update.pdf)

• Reef Balls ^TM: How Hotels, Tourism Associations, Cruise Lines and Others Use Designed Artificial Reefs to enhance the environment, create beaches and create tourist assets.

• URS Corp's 30% Design Report for ACOE about the Miami Reef Ball Submerged Breakwater Project (pdf format.) [Does not contain drawings in Appendix C:]

• COLONIZATION AND SUCCESSION OF SESSILE BIOTA AND FISHES IN A ARTIFICIAL REEF IN THE NOTH COAST OF RIO DE JANEIRO - BRAZIL (2002 - 2004) - Colonização e sucessão da biota séssil e de peixes em um recife artificial no litoral norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

• ScientificReports/CORAL TRANSPLANTATION AND RESTOCKING TO ACCELERATE THE RECOVERY ...In Puerto Rico Dr. Austin Kirby-Bowden.pdf

• Ortiz-Prosper, A.L. and Bowden-Kerby, W.A. 1999. Transformation of artificial concrete "reef ball” structure into living coral heads through the use of implants of juvenile massive corals. Abstract In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment, Monitoring and Restoration, NCRI. April 14-16, 1999, Ft Lauderdale, Florida. pg. 148.

• Artificial Reefs for Submerged and Subaerial Habitat Protection, Mitigation and Restoration by Dr. Lee Harris

• ARTIFICIAL REEF RESEARCH IN BROWARD COUNTY 1993-2000: A SUMMARY ...

• Hypothesis-based Restoration Study For Mitigation of a Damaged SE Florida Coral Reef- A Work in Progress-May 2003 Update

• Environmental Protection Agency's  April 2003 - Issue 13.2 > Sarasota Bay NEP Restores Reef Habitat

• ScientificReports/Lee Harris_ASR_RBBW.pdf

• 6 th International Conference on Coastal and Port Engineering in Developing Countries, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2003 Design of low-crested (submerged) structures – an overview – Krystian W. Pilarczyk, Rijkswaterstaat, Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division

• COMPORTAMIENTO DEL DIQUE SUMERGIDO EN EL TRAMO PILOTO DE REHABILITACION DE PLAYAS UBICADO EN LA ZONA DEL REMATE DEL MALECON DE PROGRESO, YUCATAN

• Habitat Assessment Project.pdf for Sarasota Bay March 2003. Full report (6 megs)
  -(Microsoft) Word Summary of Project

• Progresso Reef Ball profile line results 1/2003 In Microsoft Excel Format

• Preliminary Power Point Data on Porto Progresso Mexico Reef Ball submerged breakwater project (en espanol)

• International Society for Reef Studies, Abstracts from European 2002 Meeting (Html)

• PortoMaria Coral Propagation & Reef Ball Report Nov. 2002 1 of 3; 2 of 3; 3 of 3 (All in PDF Format)

• Abstracts-IXth International Coral Reef Symposium in Bali (HTML FORMAT 300+ abstracts

• 30-Oct-02: Asexual Coral Propagation for the Aquarium Trade and for Reef Restoration Using Reef Balls.

• Tanzania Marine Ecology Conservation Programme (A proposed project with the Reef Ball Foundation and Worldcare Tanzania)

• Executive Summary Social and Economic Impacts of Artificial Reefs (PDF Format)

• October Photos, Poromari Reef Ball Monitoring Project, Curacao, PDF Format)

• Fish Counts for Oct, Portomari Reef Ball Monitoring Project, Curacao (PDF)

• Final Report on Social and Economic Impacts of Artificial Reefs (PDF 11 megs)

• INTERIM REPORT ON THE REEFBALLS AT LONG BAY NEW ZEALAND, 11/22/2002 

• Submerged Reef Structures for Habitat Enhancement and Shoreline Erosion Abatement by Lee E. Harris

• Reef Balls^TM: How Combining Designed Reefs with Oil Superstructures used as Artificial Reefs can help the overall reef system to better mimic natural reef systems

• INTERIM REPORT ON THE REEFBALLS AT LONG BAY NEW ZEALAND JULY 2002

• A Hydrodynamic Study of Artificial Reefs

• Development of alternative strategies (reef balls) for conservation and management of marine resources and wildlife in Cabo de la Vela, Col (LF)

• Benefits of Artificial Reefs (En Espanol) 

• Science and Technology Partnerships in Coastal Zone Management:A Sidney, British Colombia Study K. Conley (Institute of Ocean Sciences) and T. Curran (Canadian Hydrographic Service)

• Dr. Lee Harris of Florida Institute of Technology's Report on Gran Dominicus and Iberostar Resort Submerged Breakwater Reef Ball Projects including 4 years of data and final conclusions in PDF Format.

• The Minahasa Marine Habitat Enhancement Program (A Reef Ball Project by P.T. Newmount in Indonesia) is showcased in in conjunction with the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg.

• Four Seasons Resort, Maldives Monitoring Report Aug. 2002

• PADI AWARE Foundation, Europe: Reef Ball_official_presentation August, 2002 (Reef Balls in Europe)

• PortoMari Reef Ball Pictures Coral Plugs July 2002.pdf

• PortoMari Reef Ball Fish and Coral Survey July 2002.pdf

• July 2002 Report Gran Dominicus and Iberostar Reef Ball Breakwater Project Memo by Dr. Lee Harris

• Merida, Mexico Environmental Impact Study (In Spanish/En Espanol)
  (Centro de Investigación y de estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Mérida Departamento de Recursos del Mar Manifestación de Impacto Ambiental)

• [117c] - Supercritical CO2 Carbonated Cements - Characterization and Application as Artificial Coral Reefs

• Christopher Kri U (2001) Colonisation and growth of marine animals on artificial reefs at Batu Penyu, Talang-Satang National Park, Malaysia. Hornbill 5:nn-nn  

• A North American Practitioners Workshop for Marine Reef Research and Monitoring by Volunteer divers, 20 and 22nd of June, Sidney, British Columbia (PDF Format)

• Reef Balls ^TM: An advanced technique to mimic natural reef systems using designed artificial reefs   (Abstract of above in Arabic)

• Artificial Reef Research Project in Long Bay New Zealand, 2001.

• PortoMarea beach improvement nov 01

• Growth and Survivorship of Stony Coral Meandrina meandrites and Montastrea cavernosa Transplants to an Artificial Reef Environment: A Work in Progress. (May 2002)  E.A. Glynn, T.P. Quinn, D.P. Fahy, R.E. Dodge, D.S. Gilliam, and R.E. Spieler National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center

• Experimental Oculina Marine Reserve

• Hypothesis-based Restoration Study For Mitigation of a Damaged SE Florida Coral Reef A Work in Progress (May 2002), T.P. Quinn¹, E.A. Glynn¹, R.E. Dodge¹, K. Banks², L. Fisher², R.E. Spieler¹National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center

• Quick update PortoMari, April, 2002, coral transplants

• Deep Water Oculina Banks Report from The Slate, Jan. 2002 by John Reed, Senior Research Scientist Specialist, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution 

• Aplicaciones Diversas de Arrecifes Artificiales a Base de Elementos de Concreto (Espanol)

• Scientific Monitoring Report from PortoMari, Curacao (PDF Format) (Jan 2002)

• Scientific Monitoring Report from PortoMari, Curacao (PDF Format) (April 2002)

• Scientific Monitoring Report from PortoMari, Curacao (PDF Format) (June 2002)

• River Reef Design Project by Dr. Lee Harris (Draft)

• Environmental Protection Agency Report on Reef Balls under Docks and along seawalls

• Caribbean Island Hotel Beach Restoration Design Project By Dr. Harris (Draft)

• INTERIM REPORT ON THE ARTIFICIAL REEF: CONSTRUCTED IN THE LONG BAY-OKURA MARINE RESERVE, AUCKLAND

• Coraggio's Thesis, A Study of Reef Balls in Sarasota Bay, New College, Sarasota supported by a Reef Ball Foundation Grant

• Reef Balls used in conjunction (and to enhance the biology) with high vertical profile structures such as Ships or Oil Platforms.

• German Study Proves Microsilcia improves the fouling community on Reef Balls (In German, PDF Format)
• Gran Dominicus Hotel Beach Creation Project with Reef Balls
• Extra support graphs for the above report
• Reef Balls in the Baltic Sea, by Marilim
• SPARS Project, Sidney, BC, "Species Diversity on Reef Balls" (Fish and Invertebrates)
• Wave Reduction Report By Dr. Harris
• Artificial Reef Construction as a Soft Bottom Habitat Restoration Tool, Mote Marine June 30, 1997 by Culter and Truitt
• Draft Army Corp Techical Paper on Reef Balls as submerged breakwaters
• Stability Analysis for Cancun Hotel to use Reef Balls as a submerged breakwaterl
• Proposal for Reef Ball Submerged Breakwater-Name of Project Confidential
• Observations on the impact of Segmentation and Open Connection of the Last Mangrove Habitat on Barbados
• HYPOTHESIS-BASED RESTORATION STUDY FOR MITIGATION OF A
  S.E. FLORIDA U.S.A. CORAL REEF DAMAGED BY THE GROUNDING OF A NUCLEAR SUBMARINE
• Roberto De La Torre’s study in Cancun Mexico with Atlantis Submarine, "Fish Species Diversity on Reef Balls"
• Dr. Robin Sherman’s Report on Juvenile Fish Complexity at NOVA Southeastern University in Ft. Lauderdale
• Monitoring studies by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Division of Marine Fisheries, Artificial Reef Program (Bill Horn, John Dodril, Tom Maher)
• Charlotte Harbor Artificial Reef Association studies of Reef Balls as under dock fish habitats
• Bill Figley of New Jersey’s Artificial Reef Program published results of the fouling community
• Project Reef Creator did a paper on Coral Reef Restoration with Reef Balls in Oman more...Page 1, Page 2 (German Translation)
• Brazil’s Instituto Ecoplan paper on Reef Balls
• Students at Spanish River High School in Boca Raton have documented monitoring of habitat development
• The Boy Scout’s High Adventure Sea Base in the Florida Keys has an ongoing Reef Ball monitoring program
• Occidental Petroleum conducted studies on Reef Balls in Qatar and documented success
• Seawall Enhancement Features in Residential Canals Tampa Bay, Florida
• The Island School, Cape Eleuthera, Bahamas, Summer '00 Artificial Reef Research
• Brazil Ecoplan Superinteressante, Jan. 1999 "Condominio Para Os Peixes" (Condominums for fish) in Portuguese with many color photos. 
  -Page 2
  -Page 3
  -Page 4
  -Page 5
  -Page 6
• Ed Adams, USNA, Jared Goodwin, USNA Student Research
• Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources, "Reef Ball Artificial Reefs" (En En Espanol/ In Spanish
  -Page 2
  -Page 3
• Comparison of Reef Balls to Other Materials, Manatee County Monitoring Grant Program, by The Reef Ball Foundation (being conducted over 2 years, 2002-2003)
• Nearly every Coastal US State artificial Reef Program has on-going artificial reef monitoring and studies on Reef Balls including; Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida (30 of 36 coastal counties have Reef Balls), Alabama, Georgia, Texas, California, Washington, and Puerto Rico
• Ongoing monitoring and study programs are associated with projects in Indonesia, Turks and Caicos, Island Ecosystem Workshops, Bahamas, Mandarin High School in Jacksonville FL,CNMI's coral reefs, American Somoa, Florida Keys, Sarasota, Qatar (Arabic), and many others.
• Stability Analysis By Florida Institute of Technology

<=Back

THE FOLLOWING PAPERS ARE IN THE REEF BALL LIBRARY AT RBDG HEADQUARTERS IN SARASOTA, FLORIDA. (Bolded papers indicate direct research on Reef Balls)

SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL REEFS AND AQUATIC HABITATS PROCEEDINGS, SAN REMO, ITALY, OCT 7, 1999

• Artificial Reef research in Europe: Perspective and Future
• Unifying Trends and Opportunities in Global Artificial Reef Research Including Evaluation
• Forecasting the benefits of no-take artificial reefs using spatial ecosystem simulation
• Using "natural" reef ecology in artificial reef research: Advancing artificial reef goals through better understanding of ecological processes
• Distribution of fish assemblages at an artificial reef: diet cycle and area of influence
• Temporal Dynamics of a Mediterranean artificial reef fish assemblage and comparison with nearby natural reefs
• Trophic relationships between fishes and an artificial reef
• Red snapper demographics and energetics on artificial reefs: the effects of nearest-neighbor dynamics
• Juvenile red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, habitat preferences and site fidelity
• Productivity on a mature artificial reef: the ichthyoplankton off King Harbor, CA, USA, 1974-97
• Movement, growth and survival of gray triggerfish, Balisties capriscus inhabiting artificial and natural reefs in the north-central Gulf of Mexico
• Detection of fish assemblage changes using no metric-multidimensional scaling multivariate analysis: influence of artificial habitats on Posidonia oceanica L. Delile Meadows
• Colonization pattern of fish populations between a coastal artificial reef and an oceanic artificial reef
• Artificial reefs as refugia: pre- and post-hurricane visual census evidence
• An artificial reef program on the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
• A study of fish and macro crustaceans around the Torness artificial reef in the Firth of Forth (North Sea)
• Structure and dynamics of macroinvertebrate communities at Canarian artificial reefs (central east Atlantic Ocean)
• Productivity of a temperate artificial reef based upon the production of 'young of year' embiotocids (Teleostei: Perciformes)
• Oxygen fluxes of enclosed reef epibiota communities
• A pilot experiment on artificial habitat on coastal and mid-shelf waters of Parana State - southern Brazil
• Benthic macrofauna secondary productivity enhancement and mitigation success by an artificial reef in Delaware Bay, USA.
• Fish colonisation of artificial algae beds in the presence and absence of a seasonal bed of Sargassum furcatum at Cabo Frio Island, Brasil
• Estimation of food organism production on steel-made artificial reef
• Spawning of spear squids (Loligo bleekkeri) on breakwaters and the survival of their eggs
• Comparative growth and mortality of American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, on artificial reefs and natural substrates in the Chesapeake Bay
• Effect of artificial shelters (Casitas) on the abundance of juvenile spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) in a reef lagoon
• Quantitative evaluation of algal community on an artificial reef in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea)
• Microspatial Heterogeneity and the persistence of macrophyte vegetation on concrete artificial reef modules
• Development of coral reef community on artificial reefs in Eilat, Gulf of Aquaba, Red Sea: aggregates of limestone rocks.
• The Hong Kong artificial reef iniative - 3 papers on the recent developments in Hong Kong
• Restoration of fisheries through deployment of artificial reefs in marine protected areas
• Selecting sites for large scale deployment of artificial reefs in Hong Kong: constraint mapping & prioratisation techniques
• Consultation with local fishers on the Hong Kong artificial reefs iniative
• Planning, licensing and stakeholder consultation in an artificial reef development: the Loch Linnhe reef, a case study
• Integrated plan for the construction of an artificial reef in the Thracean Sea, Greece
• Florida's artificial reef program: a unique partnership between federal, state and local governments
• The importance of secure tenure for private artificial creation and stewardship
• Interstate evaluation of a national planning guide for man made fishing reefs
• A comparison of regulatory processes and issues among five Gulf of Mexico state artificial reef programs: smooth spots and rough spots
• Demographics, attitudes and reef management preferences of SCUBA divers in offshore Texas waters
• Regulation of artificial reefs for fishery management: the evolution of the cooperative State/Federal process to designate artificial reefs as special management zones, essential fish habitat, habitat areas of particular concern and artificial refugia in the southeastern United States Exclusive Economic Zone
• Artificial reefs in Turkey
• The history and future of artificial reefs and related aquatic habitats in Japan
• Study of mixed materials to increase the stability of a rubble mound habitat
• Artificial reef design: void space, complexity and attractants
• The effect of artificial reef design on faunal richness
• Design considerations for an artificial reef to grow giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, in southern California
• The studies on artificial reef design for Octopus vulgaris(Cuvier,1797) in Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea, Turkey): Field and tank observations
• ARCON®: An innovative technology for planning, conceptual design and installation of artificial reefs in the sublittoral marine environment. Experiences from the Baltic Sea and tropical marine lagoons.
• Effects of reef design complexification on associated fish assemblages. Example of large artificial reefs units (158 m3) used in France
• Functions of artificial reefs and the creation of the shell nursery
• The use of coal flyash in marine concrete for artificial reefs in the southeastern Mediterranean
• A long term monitoring of the benthic community change in a steel slag casting site in the coastal waters of Taiwan
• A summary of the fish assemblages around seven oil and gas production platforms and around oil drilling debris off central and southern California.
• Spatial and temporal patterns of shallow water fish assemblages among nine oil and gas production platforms and nine natural reefs in the Santa Barbara Channel region, USA
• Are southern California oil and gas platforms essential fish habitat?
• The status of the California rigs to reefs program and the need to limit consumptive fishing activities
• Oil activity and artificial reefs programs in Campeche, Mexico
• An analysis of the North Sea 'rigs to reefs' debate centering on the United Kingdom continental shelf
• Rigs to reefs in the North Sea: Hydroacoustic quantification of fish in the vicinity of a 'semicold' platform
• Residence of fish in the vicinity of a decommissioned oil platform in the North Sea
• Spatio-temporal variations in gillnet catch rates in the vicinity of oil platforms
• Evolution of the fish assemblage around a gas platform in the northern Adriatic Sea
• Communities and assemblages associated with an underwater pipeline as an artificial reef
• The wild fisheries enhancement potential of fishfarms and artificial reefs: a case study in Madeira Island, NE Atlantic
• The potential of artificial reefs to reduce organic enrichment caused by commercial net cage fish farming in the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat)
• The present state and problems on the improvement and development of coastal fishing ground in Japan
• Marine ranching in combination with artificial reefs: a legal perspective
• Artificial reefs' versus 'underwater structures to enhance ecology and fisheries': an attempt to clarification and future ways of research
• Evaluation of two submersible platforms for abalone cultivation and artificial reef
• Development of large-scale, high-rise reef and it's effect
• A Study of Settlement Location of Fishery Grounds with Artificial Fish Reefs by Internal Waves
• Fish community associated with FADs in southern Thyrrhenian Sea and in northern Ionian Sea
• Simulation model of fish behavior around artificial fish aggregation devices (FAD)
• Data gathering or data analysis? The use of monitoring information to document performance of artificial reefs
• The reefkeepers' guide: a defensible science tool with a case study for monitoring reef biota by non-professional divers in Canada's Pacific waters
• Field observation of velocity and temperature fluctuations around a reef
• Assessment of the effectiveness of an artificial reef as out-of-kind mitigation for loss of shallow water habitat in the Delaware Bay (USA)
• An experimental evaluation of different reef designs used to compensate for losses to a giant kelp forest community
• Assessment of El Nino events on natural kelp beds and artificial reefs in southern California 
• Engineering perspectives of benthic artificial reefs off the southwestern coast of Taiwan
• Formation of Environment for Artificial Habitat Ecosystem: Sandy Beach Ecosystem
• Investigating terrain change around artificial reefs by using multibeam echosounder
• Effects of an artificial reef on the surrounding seabed community (central Adriatic sea)
• Effects of human-induced disturbances on oysters and reef dwelling species: implications for reef restoration
• Evaluation of the efficiency of an antigrazing net placed on an artificial reef at Loano (Savona, Ligurian Sea): algal biomass
• Methods for enhancing habitat value of artificial structures by establishing surfgrass (Phyllospadix torreyi)
• A quantitative framework to evaluate the attraction-production controversy, with application to marine ornamental fisheries.
• Engineering Design of Artificial Reefs
• Comparative study of the marine biota before and after the deployment of an artificial reef in Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands, Spain)
• Spatial characterization of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile) meadows in Mediterranean artificial reefs (Murcia, SE of Spain).
• Evaluation of fish community during ten years at Loano artificial reef
• Artificial reef systems: a tool for the Algarve coast fisheries management plan
• Reef fish assemblage structure affected by small-scale spatial variations of artificial patch reefs: preliminary results
• A new project on artificial reefs in Madeira Island
• Shipwrecks as artificial reefs in the coast of Murcia (SE Spain)
• Influence of artificial reefs on the surrounding infauna: analysis of meiofauna
• Phytobenthic colonisation on panels with different slope in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea)
• Algal flora on artificial reefs at Loano (Savona, Ligurian Sea)
• Artificial habitats for fishery restocking in oligotrophic waters (Ponza Island, central Tyrrhenian Sea) 
• Analysis of the benthic community in two areas protected by stone reef barriers
• Fish assemblages and environmental variables on an artificial reef - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Effects of substrata on the artificial reef fish assemblage in Santa Eulalia bay (Ibiza Island, western Mediterranean)
• New methods for using artificial reefs for habitat protection, mitigation and restoration
• Artificial reefs in the Canarian autonomous community: a decade of development
• Enhancement of Posidonia oceanica bed recovery and reimplantation by artificial reefs
• Evaluating artificial reef performance: approaches to pre-deployment research
• Small- scale systematic echosurveys for estimating fish density in three artificial reef areas off Lanzarote and Gran canaria (Canary Islands)
• An ecological comparison between two artificial reef systems (south of Portugal): chemical evolution on water column and sediment
• Assessing the effectiveness of the experimental artificial reef of Tabarca (Alicante, Spain, SW Mediterranean): comparison of the artificial structures with a natural rocky and seagrass bottoms.
• Influence of the Alcamo Marina artificial reef (N/W Sicily, Italy) on the adjacent soft bottom area
• Are artificial reefs related to adjacent natural rocky areas? A Mollusc case study in the Gulf of Castellammare (NW Sicily)
• Abundance and interactions of moray eels (Gymnothorax moringa and G. vicinus) and spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) in artificial shelters
• Fish assemblage associated with an alveolar artificial reef in the marine reserve of Tabarca: temporal dynamics and successional trends
• Ecological effect of artificial reef in Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea).
• Importance of artificial habitats in the attraction of commercial species in deep waters
• Water quality management with the help of artificial reefs
• The artificial reef debate: are we asking the wrong questions?
• Application of marine ecosystem modeling to artificial reef deployment studies ECOSPACE: a demonstration
• British Columbia's artificial reef program: a study in alternative approaches to artificial reef development and management
• The feasibility of Deploying PFA-concrete Artificial Reef for Coral Reef Restoration: a Hong Kong case study

European Artificial Reef Research, Proceeding of the 1st EARRN Conference, Ancona, Italy, March 1996 edited by A.C. Jensen anon2237@vt.edu..

• Protection of biological habitats by artificial reefs
• Physical protection of the seabed and coasts by artificial reefs
• Biodiversity of European Artificial Reefs
• Biomass on artificial reefs
• Some prospects of nutrient removal with artificial reefs
• Finfish attraction and fisheries enhancement on artificial reef
• The use of artificial reefs in crustacean fisheries enhancement
• Molluscan aquaculture on reefs
• Algoculture and artificial reefs
• Artificial Reefs in Spain: The regulatory framework
• Cost benefit analysis of artificial reefs
• legal framework governing artificial reefs in EU
• Socio-economic aspects of artificial reefs in Japan
• Frontiers that increase unity:defining an agenda for European Artificial Reef Research
• Monitoring epifaunal colonisation
• Tagging, tracking and telemetry in artificial reef research
• Assessment of biomass and production of artificial reef communities
• Assessment of habitat selection behaviour in macroorganisums on artificial reefs
• Underwater photographic techniques for field research in shallow marine environments
• Monitoring techniques for zoobenthic communities influence of the artificial reef on th surrounding infaunal community.
• Does the level of design influence success of an artificial reef?
• Site selection and environmental criteria-a case study
• Quantifying complexity in rock reeds

Book of Abstracts, 52nd Gulf and Carribean Fisheries Institute, Key West Florida USA Nov 5, 1999.

Online Abstracts-GCFI
<=Back

Japanese Artificial Reef Technology, Translations of Selected Japanese Literature and An Evaluation of Potential Applications in the U.S. July 1982, Aquabio, Inc. Technical Report 604

• Fisheries Promotion and the Project to Maintain and Develop Coastal Fishing Grounds, by Takashi Tanigawa
• Materials Traditionally Used in Artificial Reef Design and Construction by the National Government, Prefectural Governments, and Fishing Industry, by The Fishery Civil Engineering Study Association
• The Present Status and Future Prospects of Artificial Reefs: Developmental Trends of Artificial Reef Units, by Yoshinori Ogawa
• Kinko Gyosho, Tsukiiso, and Marine Organisms, by Yoshinori Ogawa
• The Planning and Design of Artificial Reefs and Tsukiiso, by Makoto Nakamura
• A Sample Calculation for the Design of a Cube-Type Artificial Reef (Regular and Large), by Masao Kamikit
• Construction, Site Engineering, and Problem Areas of Artificial Reefs, by Kahei Shomomura
• Introduction: Report from the Consolidated Reef Study Society, by Yasuo Ohshima
• Basic Theory; Yoshinori Ogawa, Chairperson
• Discussion of Installation Planning; Nagao Yoshimuda, Chairperson
• Structures of Materials, and Designing/Installation; Makoto Nakamura, Chairperson
• Artificial Reefs and Fish Attraction
• Habitat Selection Activities
• Fish-Gathering Mechanisms of Reefs
• Reefs and Food Organisms
• Current and Sound
• Effective Boundaries of Reefs
• Reef Configurations
• The Effect of Artificial Reefs on Propagation

Florida Artificial Reef Development Plan, Sept. 1992

• Launching SIMAC: The National Monitoring System for the Coral Reefs of Colombia

• Benthic Substrate Characterization and Discrimination of Kane’ohe Bay, O’ahu, Hawai’i

• Restoration of a Deep-Water Population of the Habitat-Structuring Coral Oculina varicosa in the Oculina Research Reserve off Ft. Pierce, FL, USA

• EPA Coral/Hardbottom Monitoring Project, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

• Coral Reef Habitat Mapping: Using Satellite Remote Sensing and Optical Spectra Data

• Transplantation of Reef-Building Corals on the Rosario Archipelago, Colombian Caribbean

• Scleractinia Coral Dynamics at Three Reefs in Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida, USA, 1989–1997

• Detection of Damaged Tropical Coral from Spot Satellite Imagery and In Situ Observations

• The "Johnny Coral Seed" Approach to Coral Reef Restoration: New Methodologies Appropriate for Lower Energy Reef Areas

• Value-Added Data from the EPA Coral Reef/Hardbottom Monitoring Project Video: Sponge Distribution in the Florida Keys

• The Use of a CASI as a Near-Real Time Coral Reef Monitoring System

• An Economical Method to Enhance Sexual Recruitment for Restoration of Damaged Reef?

• Long Term Monitoring and Assessment of the Flower Garden Banks Coral Ecosystem

• A Database of 334 Reflectance Spectra Enables Identification of Broad Categories of Coral Reef Features

• Assessment of Vessel Grounding Injury to Coral Reef and Seagrass Habitats in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Florida: Protocol and Methods

• Permanent Reef Community Monitoring Sites Offshore of Broward County, Florida: Preliminary Comparative Results

• Ocean Hotspots and Unprecedented Coral Reef Bleaching during 1999

• Reef Damage by Large Vessel Impact and Its Mitigation by Site Cleanup: Methods and Results after One

• Using Reef Check to Monitor Coral Reefs

• Experimental Assessment of Factors Affecting the Settlement and Survival of Reseeded Coral Spat in the Field

• Reef Restoration: Science or Technology

• Reef Monitoring for Management in St. Lucia, West Indies

• The Use of a Novel Chemo-Inductive Substrate to Determine Species-Specific Factors that Influence Successful Sexual Recruitment of Corals

• The Socio-Economic Costs and Benefits of Coral Reef Restoration

• Monitoring Changes in Ecosystem Structure and Function in No-Take Zones in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

• Adventures in Aquaculture at "Terra Sub Aqua"

• Wetlands Mitigation in Florida: Improvements in Science and Applications

• Monitoring of Ecological and Socioeconomic Indicators for Coral Reef Management in Colombia

• Can Selfing Coral Species be Used to Enhance Restoration of Damaged Reefs?

• Ship Groundings in the Florida Keys: Implications for Reef Ecology and Management

• The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network Aims to Gather both Data and Raise Awareness

• Using Cultured Coral to Rehabilitate a Degraded Reef in the Central Philippines

• Recovery of Fish Assemblages from Ship Groundings on Coral Reefs in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

• The Assessment "Toolbox": Community-Based Reef Evaluation Methods Coupled with Geochemical Techniques to Identify Sources of Stress

• The Importance of Algal-Grazer Interactions in Early Growth and Survivorship of Sexual Recruits and Transplanted Juvenile Coral

• Patterns in Reef Structure, Coral and Fish Communities, and Their Degradation in the Red Sea: Implications for Management and Restoration

• Detecting Impacts on Reef Fish in Kona: A Model for Community and Interagency Collaboration

• Coral Recruitment Processes in the Upper Florida Keys: How Much Variation in Time and Space

• The Culture, Transplantation, and Storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis, and A. palmata: What We Learned So Far

• Scientific Implication of Monitoring Coral Reefs for Sustainable Livelihood Development in Poor Countries; Experiences from South Asia

• Case Studies of Natural Variability in Coral Recruitment from the Caribbean and the Pacific. Which Reefs need Restoration Assistance?

• Improving Decision Making in Coral Reef Restoration

• Scales, Hypotheses, and the Limits of Detection in the Ecology and Management of Coral Reefs

• Science Needs for Effective Management of Reef Fishes

• Introduction, including elements of:

• An Historical Review of Coral Reef Restoration in Florida

• Local Variability versus Landscape Stability following Major Hurricane Impacts in a Protected Coral Reef Reserve

• Connectivity and Replenishment of Reef Fish Populations

• Ten Years after the Crime: Lasting Effects of Damage from a Cruise Ship Anchor on a Coral Reef in St. John, USVI

• Variability of Coral Assemblages on Multiple Scales: Implications for Reef Management

• Design-Based Sampling that Optimizes Multispecies Reef Fish Assessments

• Emergency Stabilization of Acropora palmata with Stainless Steel Wire and Nails: Impressions, Lessons Learned, and Recommendations from Mona Island, Puerto Rico

• Effects of a Hurricane on Coral Reef Fishes: Importance of Long-Term Monitoring and Data Analyses

• Interactions of Hawaiian Reef Fish Assemblages with the Benthic Habitat of Reefs

• Reef Restoration and Monitoring: Soto’s Reef, George Town, Grand Cayman Island, British West Indies

• Spatio-Temporal Variation in the Distribution of Juvenile Scleractinians along the South Coast of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands

• Newly-Settled Snappers and Grunts of Southeast Florida: Comparative Growth and Cross-Shelf Distributions

• Coral Reef Emergency Response Teams: A S.W.A.T. Team Approach towards Dealing with Short-Term Anthropogenic Event

• Can Multivariate Analysis Discriminate Community Influences within the Belize Barrier Reef Complex

• Rethinking Visual Monitoring Methods for Reef Fishes: Is there an Excessive Preoccupation with Precision, Accuracy, and Numbers?

• Using GIS to Conduct Injury Assessment, Restoration and Monitoring During the Contship Houston Grounding

• Detection of Coral Bleaching and Hurricane Damage on Coral Reefs in St. John, US Virgin Islands: A Comparison of Results from the Chain Transect Method and Videography

• Asking the Right Questions about Assessment and Monitoring of Coral Reefs

• Use of Artificial Reefs in Shallow Depths to Protect Natural Reefs and Shorelines

• Rapid Assessment Methods for Monitoring Marine Protected Areas in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: Program Design and Affects of Hurricane Georges of Reefs in the Middle and Lower Key

• Applications of the Reef Fish Survey Project for Monitoring Fishes in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

• Varying Responses of Herbivorous and Invertebrate-Feeding Fishes to Macroalgal Reduction: A Restoration Experiment

• Assessing Coral Reefs Based on Long-Term Ecological Records

• Chemical Signatures in Otoliths: Natural Tags of Structure and Connectivity of Reef Fish Populations

• Enhancement of Reef Regeneration Processes: Supplementing Coral Recruitment Processes through Larval Seeding

Non-Paper Presentations

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Here's more links and information, some less Reef Ball specific. We have not verified yet if all of these are in our library. Some of this is from our old researcher pages and needs updating....ALSO, YOU WILL FIND INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC RESEARCHERS, E-MAILS ECT.

Atlantis Submarine's Cancun Mexico Project Research. . The reef in Cancun is being studied by two marine biologists and preliminary results are available. Contact M.Sc. Roberto De la Torre Alegria, Ecological Advisor for Atlantis Submarine, Cancun. Species diversity reports were completed and several video monitorings have documented the fantastic success of the transformation of Reef Balls into a living coral reef.

Dr. Richard Spieler of Nova Southeastern University has also built a control array near the Atlantis site for his study "A Preliminary Study of Fish Recruitment To "Reef Ball" Artificial Reefs in Shallow and Deep Water"

NOVA Southeastern University. Since the fall of 1994, Nova Southeastern University in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida has been conducting a study about Reef Balls and has deployed several arrays for testing fish recruitment to shallow and deep water reefs in Ft. Lauderdale. The study is entitled, "A Preliminary Study of Fish Recruitment To "Reef Ball" Artificial Reefs in Shallow and Deep Water", Dr. Richard Spieler is a partner in the the research conducted by Dr. Robin Sherman.

Also At Nova Southeastern, Dr. Joshua S. Feingold. Dr. Feingold is a visiting professor at Nova Southeastern University. His research is focused upon the ecology of coral reefs and coral communities. His field experience has been in Aruba, Bahamas, Florida Keys (Caribbean) and the Galapagos Islands and Panama (Eastern Pacific). He is supervising a graduate student, Susan Teel, who will be investigating the differences in coral recruitment and cover between natural and artificial substrates.

South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Stability and Video Transect Study is being conducted by Mel Bell of the DNR.

Port Canaveral NAUI Project. FIT, under direction from Prof. Lee Harris, P.E. is continuing a monitoring program. Prof. Lee Harris, P.E. is also conducting a stability analysis and wave tank testing for RBDG. Dr. Harris has also written papers relating to Reef Balls used as Submerged Breakwaters.

The Sarasota Bay National Estuary Program in conjunction with Mote Aquarium has conducted research on seawall and inshore applications for artificial reefs and has available a paper entitled "Sarasota Bay Artificial Habitat Initiative" in which Reef Balls are being used. A grant for $5,000 has been given to the Reef Ball Foundation to work with students from New College to study the factors which influence ideal site selection for using Reef Balls at the base of channel markers. The study is due to be completed by the fall of 2000.

Prof. Lee Harris (Homepage) at Florida Institue of Technology presented "Engineering Design of Artificial Reefs," by Lee E. Harris, Proceedings of the Ocean's 95 Conference in San Diego, CA, November 1995. Reef Ball artificial reefs were reviewed in this paper.

Dr. Bill Lindberg, at the University of Florida is conducting several artificial reef research projects. His research is particularly useful to understand deployment pattern effects on fish populations and composition.

Dr. Steven Bortone, at the University of West Florida is conducting several artificial reef research projects and has applied for grants using Reef Balls.

Bortone,-S.A.; Shipp,-R.L.; Davis,-W.P.; Nester,-R.D. Artificial reef development along Guatemala's Atlantic coast. BULL.-MAR.-SCI. 1989. vol. 44, no. 2, p. 1065.

Bortone,-S.A.; Shipp,-R.L.; Davis,-W.P.; Nester,-R.D. Artificial reef development along the Atlantic coast of Guatemala. NORTHEAST-GULF-SCI. 1988. vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 45-48.

Dr. Bill Alevozon, at the University of California is conducting several artificial reef research projects.

Gorham,-J.C.; Alevizon,-W.S. Habitat complexity and the abundance of juvenile fishes residing on small scale artificial reefs. BULL.-MAR.-SCI. 1989. vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 662-665.

Dr. Alasdair Edwards, at the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Centre For Tropical Coastal Management has conducted research on several artificial reef designs.

Dr Michael P. Crosby at NOAA's Coastal and Restoration Management , is in charge of the Global Effort To Save Coral Reefs.

Dr. Alina Szmant at the University of Miami is conducting artificial reef research projects.

Dr. Marjorie Reaka-Kudla at the University of Maryland at College Park is doing studies on concerning animals that bore into coral. Also works on erosion of coral reefs and on stress related problems of reefs.

Dr. Yehuda Benayahu- Tel Aviv Univ. Israel, currently on sabbatical at the Univ. of Maryland, College Park (Soft corals and artificial coral reefs)

Dr. Denis Goulet-Buffalo, NY (reproduction and settlement of fish)

Nadav Shashar, Nadav Shashar, Ph.D. , Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, Tel (508) 289 7680, Fax (508) 289 7900 (Benthic marine ecologist)

Dr. James Porter is doing studies on coral reefs at the University of Georgia..

Dr. Heyward Mathews does work with artificial reefs at St. Petersburg Junior College. (Resume)

Dr. M. L. (Jake) Patton - Research on artificial reefs for giant kelp and fisheries enhancement. Conducted studies on artificial reef in California. Main thrust of the studies is cost-efficiency. Results indicate that with careful siting and design studies, cost may often be decreased by up to an order of magnitude without harming fishery enhancement.

Scott,-P.J.B.; Risk,-M.J.; Carriquiry,-J.D. El Nino, bioerosion and the survival of East Pacific reefs

PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-SIXTH-INTERNATIONAL-CORAL-REEF- SYMPOSIUM,-TOWNSVILLE,-AUSTRALIA,-8th-12th-AUGUST-1988.- VOLUME-2:-CONTRIBUTED-PAPERS-MINI-SYMPOSIUM-1-TO-10-14. Choat,-J.H.;Barnes,-D.;Borowitzka,-M.A.;Coll,-J.C.;Davies,-P.J.;Flood,-P.;et-al.-eds.. 1988. pp. 517- 520.

Mote Marine Research Labs an independent, non-profit, marine and estuarine research and education facility.

Abstract: 8th International Coral Reef Symposium Coral Culture for Science and ReefManagement 8th International Coral Reef Symposium 24-29 June, 1996 Panama City, Panama. Organizers of the Coral Culture for Science and Reef Management symposium are seeking statements of interests and proposed presentation titles. The symposium will occur during the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS) and conform to its format. Talks will be 20 minutes in length including a question period. The symposium will last 1/2 day or a full day if interest warrants.

Abstract: Wave-Forced Porewater Mixing and Nutrient Flux in a Coral Reef Framework. Haberstroh, P.R. 1994 University of Hawaii at Manoa, 249 pp. Convective water flow, rather than molecular diffusion, is thought to dominate the exchange of dissolved material between interstitial water of coral reefs and the overlying water. Surface waves passing over coral reef flats should induce an oscillatory motion of framework interstitial waters and, in the presence of a downward increase in porewater nutrient concentrations, may enhance through dispersion the flux of interstitial nutrients to the overlying waters and marine organisms at the reef surface.

Abstract: Ogden, J. C. Ogden,-J.C. The influence of adjacent systems on the structure and function of coral reefs.

Abstract: Guzman, H. M. Guzman,-H.M. Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica. CONSERV.-BIOL. 1991. vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 189-195. Loss and degradation of coral reef habitats are increasing in the eastern Pacific ...

Abstract: Meier, O. W. Meier,-O.W.; Porter,-J.W. Detecting change in coral reef communities: A comparison of survey methods. AM.-ZOOL. 1991 vol. 31, no. 5, p. 47A. The accurate survey of coral reef communities poses unique ...

Dr. Marin R. Speight at the University of Oxford has two graduate students doing studies on artificial reefs. Dr. Speight is also an avid diver and is interested in Artificial Reefs.

Dr. Andrew Fooggo at the University of Oxford is moving to the University of Plymouth in Feb. '96 and hopes to find funding to conduct research on how various materials affect the fouling comminites on artificial reefs.

Coral Reef Meeting, UK 1995

Gorham,-J.C.; Alevizon,-W.S. Habitat complexity and the abundance of juvenile fishes residing on small scale artificial reefs. BULL.-MAR.-SCI. 1989. vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 662-665. Unraveled lengths of 0.5-in diameter polypropylene rope were evaluated as a means of increasing the abundance of juvenile fishes on man-made reefs.

Dr David Booth Summary: Booth, D.J. and D.M. Brosnan (1995) The Role of recruitment dynamics in rocky shore and coral reef fish communities. Ecology 76: 91-106 Booth, D.J. and G.A. Beretta (1994) Seasonal recruitment, habitat associations, and survival ofpomacentrid reef fish in the US Virgin Islands.

Wasilun. Study on artificial coral reef in Pari Island, Thousand Islands, Indonesia. REPORT-OF-THE-WORKSHOP-ON-ARTIFICIAL-REEFS-DEVELOPMENT
-AND-MANAGEMENT.-PENANG,-MALAYSIA,-13-18-SEPTEMBER-1988. 1988. pp. 97-101.

Hadisubroto,-I. A trial improvement on coral reef in Jepara. REPORT-OF-THE-WORKSHOP-ON-ARTIFICIAL-REEFS-DEVELOPMENT- AND-MANAGEMENT.-PENANG,-MALAYSIA,-13-18-SEPTEMBER-1988. pp. 93-96.

Clarke,-R.D. Effects of microhabitat and metabolic rate on food intake, growth and fecundity of two competing coral reef fishes. CORAL-REEFS. 1992. vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 199-205.

UMass Dartmouth faculty are continuing to work with area legislators and scientists in pushing for future construction of an artificial reef, seen as a way to replenish stock of some species of fish. Political Science Prof. Rob Wilder is coordinating the university's participation in the project, through the Center for Policy Analysis. The research is being overseen by highly-regarded scientists Dr. Alan Kuzirian of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, and Dr. Philip Lobel of Boston University's Marine Program.

Evaluation of Tawas Artificial Reef As Fish Spawning Habitiat Neal R. Foster or Gregory W. Kennedy National Biological Service, Great Lakes Science Center (NBS-GLSC), 1451 Green Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA Tel.: (313) 994-3331, ext. 264 (NRF) or ext. 215 (GWK); FAX: (313) 994-8780; E-mail: (cc-mail) R8 NFRC.GL or nealfost@umich.edu

Dr. Bruce Saul; Augusta College Biology Dept; 2500 Walton Way; Augusta, GA 30904-2200; voice 706-7371539; freshwater reefs in Clarks Hill/Thurmond Lake, GA

Education:
B.S. Zoology, University of Georgia 1963 M.S. Oceanography, Florida State University 1966 Ed.D. Education Nova University 1975

Professional Experience:
1966 Pollution Biologist, Orange County Water Conservation Dept.. 1966-67 Fishery Biologist, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1967-present Professor of Oceanography, S.P.J.C.,Clearwater Campus

Miscellaneous:
Have prepared over 75 environmental impact reports for upland, aquatic, and marine construction and development projects in Florida. Was the originator of the Pinellas County Artificial Reef Program. Served as a consultant to numerous artificial reef projects around the state as part of a grant from Florida Sea Grant. As the head of the Artificial Reef Resource Team traveled around the state from 1975 to 1988 providing assistance to local and municipal artificial reef building projects. Published 15 scientific papers, mostly on artificial reef site selection and evaluation. Served on numerous local environmental committees and have been called as an expert witness at Florida DNR administrative hearings and before the U.S. House Fisheries Committee in Washington D.C. Served on the committee to draft federal guidelines on an artificial reef plan for the U.S. Congress Served on one Masters Committee and one Doctoral Committee at the University of South Florida. Have done large amount of consulting on channel dredging and marina construction, including the following: Dr. Mathews has been a scuba diver for 40 years and a scuba instructor for 20 years and has certified over 1,000 divers in Pinellas County. Presently teaching oceanography and scuba at St. Petersburg Junior College Dr. Mathews has a U.S. Coast Guard Captains License (6 passengers for hire) and has been running dive charters for 20 years.

Dr. Mathews is currently involved in a 2 year study for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to determine the effectiveness of a number of surplus M 60 tanks that were used around the country as artificial reefs back in 1996-97, that project in conjunction with Dr. Dan Sheehy of Aquabio. Dr. Mathews is also working as a consultant with the Pinellas County Artificial Reef Project on the design and evaluation of the new North County Artificial Reef off Dunedin.

List of Publications:
1. Primary Production Measurements on an Artificial Reef. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Florida State University, 1966.
2. Benefit-Cost Study of Pinellas County Artificial Reefs. Co- author with Eila Hanni. Florida Sea Grant Technical Paper #1. May 2,1977.
3. Comparative Efficacy of Artificial and Natural Gulf of Mexico Reefs as Fish Attractors. Co-author with Gregory B. Smith & Dannie A. Hensley. Florida Marine Research Publications #35 June 1979.
4. Artificial Reef Site Selection and Evaluation. Florida Cooperative Extension Service (Sea Grant) #SGEB-4. Oct. 1984.
5. Artificial Fishing Reefs- Materials and Construction. Florida Cooperative Extension Marine Advisory Bulletin # MAP-29. Sept 1983.
6. Reefs From Rigs: The Nuts and Bolts of Conversion. Proceedings, Fifth Annual Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer Meeting. 1984. Dept. of Interior-Minerals Management Service.
7. Artificial Reefs: Permit Application Guidelines. Florida Cooperative Extension Service (Sea Grant) #SGEB-4. Oct. 1984.
8. Artificial Reefs, Marine and Freshwater Applications. Edited by Frank M. D'Itri. Chapter 4 Physical and Geological Aspects of Artificial Reef Site Selection. 198
9. Rigs-to-Reefs: Obsolete Oil Platforms Find New Life as Artificial Reefs. Skin Diver, Nov. 1985 Vol 34 # 11.
10. Artificial Reef Research Diver's Handbook, Edited by Joseph G. Halusky. Chapter 5 Site Selection and Evaluation by Divers. 1991

Dr Mark Baine Orkney Islands Campus, Heriot-Watt University, Scotland

PhD completed in 1998 on "An analysis of the North Sea rigs-to-reefs debate, centring on the UK continental shelf"

Has been involved with fish distribution studies around offshore platforms in the North Sea.

Currently undertaking a review of individual reef performance (from publications) in terms of meeting objectives, taking into account management and design features.

Publications:

Baine M and Heaps L 1993. An introduction to artificial reef technology. In: 'Artificial Reefs and Restocking', proceedings of a conference held on September 12, 1992, Stromness, Orkney Islands, Scotland, p1-6.

Baine M (editor) 1993. Artificial Reefs and Restocking, proceedings of a conference held on September 12, 1992, Stromness, Orkney Islands, Scotland, 66p.

Side J, Baine M and Hayes K 1993. Current controls for the abandonment and disposal of offshore installations at sea. Marine Policy, September 1993, p354 - 362.

Kjeilen G, Aabel, J P, Hoyvangli V, Baine M, Picken G and Heaps, L 1995. Odin - an artificial reef study. Research report prepared for Esso Norge AS No. RF-138/94, 97pp.

Baine M 1995. Rigs to reefs in the North Sea. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecological Systems Enhancement Technology for Aquatic Environments, Tokyo, October 1995, Volume 2, p 507-512.

Picken G, Baine M, Heaps L and Side J 1999. Rigs to reefs in the North Sea. In: Artificial Reefs, ed. A Jensen, K Collins and A Lockwood, (accepted for publication).

Baine M 1997. Rigs to reefs, the North Sea perspective. In: "The responses of marine organisms to their environment", proceedings of the 30th European Marine Biology Symposium (edited by L.E. Hawkins and S. Hutchinson, with A.C. Jensen, A. Williams and M. Sheader, University of Southampton, p 275-280. ISBN 0-904175-31-61.

This is a summary of ECOSET '95-The International Artificial Reef Meeting in Japan as reported by Stephen A. Bortone, Insititue for Coastal and Estuarine Research, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514. This paper was inputed by scanner, please do not attribute the occasional scanning error to that of the author. (usually left out periods or perhaps a Z rather than an S)

Since the readership is probably more interested in the papers pertaining strictly to artificial reefs, below are the papers as listed in the Proceedings under Artificial Reefs:

The role of a FAD in the variation of fish assemblages on the Loano artificial reef (Ligurian sea NW-Mediterranean) by M Relini, G Torchia, G Relini

Traditional FADs as substrates for food organisms by 5. Ibrahim, M A. Ambak, M Z Samsudin

Fish abundance and diversity in response to variable dispersion of artificial reef units. by W Seaman, W J Lindberg, TT. K. Frazerp K. M Portier

Distribution of fish assem bling around 54 large-scaled artificial reef clusters settled in an area by K. Uchida, H Maeda, K Tabuchi A Hamano K. Kubota

Life expectancy and effectiveness of fish aggregation devices in Taiwan by J C Lin, W CT. Su

The development of the large artificial floating reef buoyT. by K. Sekita, H Ohkubo, T Torii, T UenoT.

Coal ash tests in Loano artificial reef by G Relini, MT. Relini, GT. Torchia, F Tixi, C Nigri

Stabilized harbour muds for artificial reef blocks, by G, Relini, Trentalance, M Relini, G Torchia, F Tixi.

Biological development of a stabilized coal ash artificial reef Poole Bayp UK by K Collins, A Jensenp J Mallinson.

Trends in the sessile epibiotic biomass of an artificial reef by A M Hatcter

The development of an experimental artificial reef in Hong Kong: objectives and initial results by A, W Y Leung, K F Leung K Y Lam, B Morton

Application of high-volume fly ash concrete to marine structures by T Suzuki.

Comparison of natural reef and artificial reef fish assemblages in Algarve waters (South Portugal). by M N Santos, C C Monteiro, K Erzini

Food habits and forage limits of artificial reef fishes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico by S A. Bortone, B. D Nelson.

Fish assemblage analysis by means of a visual census survey on an artificial reef and on natural areas in the Gulf of Castellammare (NW Sicily) by G D'Anna, F. Badalamentip R Lipari, A Cuttitta, C Pipitone

The effect of artificial reef and seaweed bed on survival of prey fish by H Kakimoto, M. Ohgai, K Tsumura, M Noda

Invertebrate biomass on an artificial reef in the southern-Tyrrhenian sea by M L Tumbiolo, F Badalamenti, G D'Anna, B Patti

Three years study of benthic communities on an artificial reef in Canary Islands by R Herrera, T Moreno,A Casanas, E Soler p H Larsen, R Haroun

Epibenthic communities at three temperate reef sites: Measures of species association, abundance and substrate preference by S Chang, J B, Pearce.

Forming of species composition of the ichthioplankton in zone of Artificial reefs by D V. Svetlane

Evaluation of a novel material for artificial reef construction by D S Gilliam, K Banks, R E Spieler

Preliminary test of man-made spawning beds for fishes dwelling in a dam reservoir by S lshikawa, M lwamizu.

Influence of habitat enhancement on yield and biomass renewal of seaweeds ii eutrophic coastal water of the Black sea by V P Parchevsky, M A Rabinovich.

A kelp artificial reef adjacent to a nuclear generating station by K F Zabloudilp R S Grove, L E Deysher

The growth and survival of Sargassum patens on andesite and granite substrata used on the formation of seaweed beds by M Ohgai, N Murase, H Kakimoto, M Noda

The relationship between algal vegetation found on concrete blocks and the month when those substrata were installed in the sea, by M Noda, M Ohgai, H Kakimoto, A Yamashita

Study on a new method for kelp foundation creation by H Hasegawa, Y Kawasaki, T Terawaki

Technology for creating an artificial seaweed community using ferrous sulfate by K Hotta, T Suzuki, M. Ohno.

Artisanal artificial reefs in Kerala, 5. India by K Collins, A Jensen, P Robert, J B Rajan

Wooden artificial reef by K Yabe

Acadja-enclos: A new improved aquaculture system for a sustainable development in developing world by J B L F. Avit, 5 Hemp A M Kouassi

Impact of artificial fish habitats on artisanal fishing communities in Kerala, India by T D'Cruz, V Vivekanadan

Artificial reefs in Canary Islands: An overview of their present situation by R. Haroun, R Herrera

Artificial fish habitats in traditional fisheries of south-west coast of India. by 5. Lazarus.

Lake Havasu fisheries improvement program. by L A Forbis D L. LaMorte

Artificial reef research in the European union: a review. by A. Jensenp K Collins

Artificial reefs and mariculture: The Italian experiences. by G Bombace, G Fabi, L Fiorentini.

Artificial reefs in the Philippines: Issues on its role as an intervention measure for resource enhancement relative to coastal resource management by V. D Albaladejo, C V Botones

Fishpen development in Laguna de Bay A boon or bane to the social, economic and environmental concerns of the area by M N Delmendo

Artificial reef research in Puerto Rico by J M Berrios, J H. Timber

Sustainable development of aquaculture in Bangladesh by the year 2010 and beyond by A K M NuruZZaman

A noted difference in the overall presentations between this conference and previous such international ventures was the increasing degree of sophistication in the data analyses Moreover there has been a noted shift toward using artificial reefs in experimental designs to address specific questions regarding the function of artificial reefs The Europeans were especially obvious in this regard with their rigorous testing of materials such as coal ash and disposal muds The question of tires as artificial reefs and the possibility of their causing pollution was a topic of concern, as in the past It was offered that some of the potential pollution problem may be attenuated by embedding the tires in concrete to avoid contact of the tire with the environment Controversy still seems to pervade the idea of the trophic relationships among the organisms on reefs Several studies indicated that organisms attached to the reefs were major sources of energy for preferred-target fishes while other studies indicated that reefs served as a home base from which foraging activities took place The answer may depend upon the species that are targeted, as well as the biotic province in which the reef is deployed There was avid interest and reports of artificial reefs becoming an integral part of mariculture activities Along with this trend were several presentations that used artificial reefs to aid in the formation of viable grass kelp, and algae communities.

The meeting was clearly a success not just because of the number and quality of papers presented, but in the fact that investigators of artificial reef problems were afforded an opportunity to share their professional and personal experiences. Plans were tentatively made for the next international artificial reef conference to be held some three or four years hence, probably in Europe and more specifically in Italy. If the trends in artificial research continue the next meeting will likely have a higher degree of sophistication and continue to indicate even broader applications of artificial reef technology. Sayonara for now and Buon Giorno next time!

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Shonagh Withey 2, Fair View, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, Gwynedd, N. Wales, LL59 5ER Tel: 012483 716401 Fax: 01869 340650 e-mail: osp149@sos.bangor.ac.uk

Shonagh is graduate student reading MSc Marine Environmental Protection at the University of North Wales, Bangor. She has spent some time over the last 4 years working as a research assistant and scientific officer throughout the Caribbean, primarily based in Barbados and Belize.

Shonagh is interested in a range of aspects concerning artificial reefs, in particular Reef Balls. She is due to start a 4 month research project in June 1996 and hope to focus it on artificial reefs. She also has some ideas on which to base this project, but is also interested in working with someone who has already established a programme and would like an assistant for the summer.

In addition to his work in the summer, She is currently preparing an Environmental Imapct Statement of placing an series of 6' Reef Balls on Constable Bank, here in North Wales.

She would be very interested in hearing from anyone that may have a research opportunity opening and would like to discuss it further, or if anyone has conducted an EIS for placing a Reef Ball in other locations.

Dr. Altan Lok.

He has completed his Ph.D. about 1,5 years ago and his research was about artificial reefs. It was the FIRST such research in Turkey. Now he is looking for a post doc position in US.

Dr. Altan LOK
Ege Universitesi
Su Urunleri Fakultesi
Iskele/ Urla
Izmir - Turkey

• Conference Chair, Prof. Giulio Relini, SIBM and University of Genoa, Italy (Tel. and Fax: +39 010 2477537; E-mail: sibmzool@unige.it)
• Conference Vice-Chair, Dr. Antony Jensen, EARRN Co-ordinator, University of Southampton, U.K. (Tel. +44 1703 593428, Fax: +44 1703 596642, E-mail: a.jensen@soc.soton.ac.uk)
• Prof. Giovanni Bombace, President of ISMARE (National Institute for Marine Sciences Coordination, Italian Research Council), Italy (Tel. +39 071 207881, Fax: +39 071 55313, E-mail: ismare@irpem.an.cnr.it)
• Prof. Stefano Cataudella, Chairman of Aquaculture Committee of FAO-GFCM, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy (Tel. +39 06 72595954, Fax: +39 06 2026189, E-mail: cataudel@uniroma2.it)
• Dr. Ken Collins, University of Southampton, U.K. (Tel. +44 1703 596010, Fax: +44 1703 596642, E-mail: k.collins@soc.soton.ac.uk)
• Prof. François Doumenge, Director of Oceanographic Institute in Monaco, ICSEM General Secretary (Tel. +377 93153600, Fax: +377 93505297)
• Mrs. Cristina Siccardi & Paola Mattioni, Sanremo Congressi Turismo, Corso Garibaldi, 98 - 18038 Sanremo (IM), Italy (Tel.+39 0184 503142, Fax: +39 0184 531133, E-mail: s.congr@sistel.it).
• Dr. Giuseppe Notarbartolo Di Sciara, President of ICRAM, Rome. (Tel. +33 06 61570412, fax +33 06 61550581. Email: disciara@tin.it)
• Prof. William Seaman, Florida Sea Grant Program, University of Florida, USA (Tel. +1 352 392 5870 ext 228, Fax: + 1 352 392 5113, E-mail: seaman@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu)
• Dr. Josianne Stottrup, ICES Representative, Danish Institute for Fisheries and Marine Research, Denmark (Tel. +45 98 94 45 00, Fax: +45 33963200, E-mail: jgs@dfu.min.dk)
• Prof. Ehud Spanier, Centre for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, Israel (Tel. +972 4 8240782, Fax: +972 4 824 0493, E-mail: spanier@research.haifa.ac.il)
• Rob Leewis, RIVM, Holland (Tel. +31 302 742695, Fax: + 31 302744433, E-mail: rob.leewis@rivm.nl)
• Dr. Stephen A. Bortone, Director of Environmental Science,The Conservancy of Southwest Florida, 1450 Merrihue Drive, Naples, Florida 34102, USA. (Tel.: 941-403-4232, Fax: , E-mail941-262-5872: sbortone@conservancy.org) www.conservancy.org
• Dr. Chokei Itosu, Department of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University, Japan (Tel. +81 3 5463 0472, Fax: +81 3 5463 0517, E-mail: itosu@tokyo-u-fish.ac.jp)
• Dr. Charles A. Wilson, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Louisiana State University, USA (Tel. 904 392 5870, E-mail: wilsonLSU@aol.com).
• Mr. Robert Grove, Southern California Edison, USA (Tel. 626 302 9735, Fax 626 302 9730, E-mail: grovers@sce.com).
• Dr Carlos Costa Monteiro, IPIMAR - CRIPS, Avendida 5 de Outubro, Olhao, Portugal (Tel +351 8970 05 00, Fax +352 89 70 05 35, E-mail: cmonteir@ipimar.pt).
• Prof Isabel Moreno, Marine Biology, Biology Department, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07071, Palma, Mallorca, Spain (Tel +34 971173154, Fax +34 971173184, E-mail: dbaimc0@clust.uib.es).

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Tamir Caras<divething@yahoo.com> is an animal biology student in London that conducted a library research project on artificial reefs. Here is a collection of resources assembled by Tamir and sent to the Reef Ball group. Reef Ball has added some notes in bold concerning the applicablity of the research to Reef Ball project.

THANKS TAMIR!

Newer List

(1) TI: THE GENUS THALASSIOSIRA (BACILLARIOPHYTA) - T-CEDARKEYENSIS, A NEW MARINE BENTHIC DIATOM FROM THE FLORIDA COAST OF THE GULF- OF-MEXICO AU: PRASAD_AKSK, FRYXELL_GA, LIVINGSTON_RJ NA: FLORIDA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,CTR AQUAT RES & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,B-142,TALLAHASSEE,FL,32306 TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST,DEPT OCEANOG,COLL STN,TX,77843 JN: PHYCOLOGIA, 1993, Vol.32, No.3, pp.204-212 IS: 0031-8884 AB: A new diatom species, Thalassiosira cedarkeyensis, is described associated with artificial reef substrate from Cedar Key waters off the Florida coast in the north-eastern Gulf of Mexico. T. cedarkeyensis can be differentiated by its extremely small cells (7.5-9.5 mum in diameter), tangentially undulated valves, restriction of occluded processes and the distal end of the rimoportula to the convex part of the valve, the presence of a marginal ring of fultoportulae and a single subcentral fultoportula, each process with four satellite pores and four struts. The epicingulum is composed of 5-6 open, perforated bands, whose openings are offset to the right (dextral symmetry). The valve mantle is bordered by a hyaline vertical rim and is 3 areolae high. The new species is compared with morphologically similar forms. The present report is the first record of a plicated species of Thalassiosira from the Gulf of Mexico. KP: SP-NOV, HIGH LATITUDES, NORTH PACIFIC, SOUTH, ZONE

(2) TI: GEOLOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ARTIFICIAL REEF SITES, LOUISIANA OUTER CONTINENTAL-SHELF AU: POPE_DL, MOSLOW_TF, WAGNER_JB NA: LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,LOUISIANA GEOL SURVEY,BATON ROUGE,LA,70803 JN: OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT, 1993, Vol.20, No.2, pp.121-145 IS: 0964-5691 AB: This paper describes the general procedures used to select sites for obsolete oil and gas platforms as artificial reefs on the Louisiana outer continental shelf (OCS). The methods employed incorporate six basic steps designed to resolve multiple-use conflicts that might otherwise arise with daily industry and commercial fishery operations, and to identify and assess both geological and technological constraints that could affect placement of the structures. These steps include: (1) exclusion mapping, (2) establishment of artificial reef planning areas; (3) database compilation; (4) assessment and interpretation of database; (5) mapping of geological and man-made features within each proposed reef site; and (6) site selection. Nautical charts, bathymetric maps, and offshore oil and gas maps were used for exclusion mapping, and to select nine regional planning areas. Pipeline maps were acquired from federal agencies and private industry to determine their general locations within each planning area, and to establish exclusion fairways along each pipeline route. Approximately 1600 line kilometers of high-resolution geophysical data collected by federal agencies and private industry was acquired for the nine planning areas. These data were interpreted to determine the nature and extent of near- surface geologic features that could affect placement of the structures. Seismic reflection patterns were also characterized to evaluate near-bottom sedimentation processes in the vicinity of each reef site. Geotechnical borings were used to determine the lithological and physical properties of the sediment, and for correlation with the geophysical data. Since 1987, five sites containing 10 obsolete production platforms have been selected on the Louisiana OCS using these procedures. Industry participants have realized a total savings of approximately US $1 500 000 in salvaging costs by converting these structures into artificial reefs.

NOTE: THE REEF BALL DEVELOPMENT ONLY ENDORSES THE USE OF STEEL OR IRON STRUCTURES WHEN DEPLOYED IN NON-CORALED WATERS.

(3) TI: FLOWER GARDENS OCEAN RESEARCH-PROJECT - USING OFFSHORE PLATFORMS AS RESEARCH STATIONS AU: DOKKEN_Q NA: CORPUS CHRISTI STATE UNIV,CTR COASTAL STUDIES,CORPUS CHRISTI,TX JN: MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL, 1993, Vol.27, No.2, pp.45-50 IS: 0025-3324 AB: The Flower Gardens Ocean Research Project (FGORP) is a cooperative program between Mobil Exploration and Producing U.S. Inc. (MEPUS) and British Petroleum Inc. (BP), and a consortium of marine research and resource management professionals. MEPUS and BP allow researchers working in the northwest Gulf of Mexico to use oil and gas production platforms as research stations, providing transportation to and from the platforms and room and board for research personnel. To date, studies of larval recruitment, artificial reef productivity, coral reproduction, audio/video survey technology, and continuous real-time monitoring of sea level have been conducted at Mobil platform HI-A389A (27-degrees- 54'30''N, 93-degrees-35'06'' W). In addition, Mobil HI-A389A has been used as a base station from which to train field technicians in advanced diving and underwater visual survey techniques. Currently, the feasibility of converting Mobil HI-A389A to a full-time research and training station when its gas production function is completed is being investigated. Surveys of Gulf Coast research and resource management professionals indicate that there is a need for year-round direct access to the marine environments of the outer continental shelf, such as could possibly be provided by a full-time offshore research station.

(4) TI: TOPPLED PLATFORM TO BECOME ARTIFICIAL REEF IN GULF-OF-MEXICO JN: OIL & GAS JOURNAL, 1994, Vol.92, No.9, p.49 IS: 0030-1388

(5) TI: THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL REEFS IN ENHANCING FISH COMMUNITIES IN SINGAPORE AU: CHUA_CYY, CHOU_LM NA: NATL UNIV INGAPORE,DEPT ZOOL,10 KENT RIDGE CRESCENT,SINGAPORE 0511,SINGAPORE JN: HYDROBIOLOGIA, 1994, Vol.285, No.1-3, pp.177-187 IS: 0018-8158 AB: Intense development of the coastal zone in Singapore has resulted in the degradation of much of the marine ecosystem. In order to restore and enhance fish communities of denuded areas, an artificial reef consisting of a tyre reef and a concrete reef, was established in the vicinity of the southern islands of Singapore. Results from fish visual censuses after the establishment of the artificial reef indicated an increase in numbers of juveniles and adults. A total of 37 and 32 fish species were recorded over a period of 1 1/2 years at the concrete and tyre reefs respectively. The dominant fish families were Pomacentridae, Labridae, Chaetodontidae, Apogonidae, Gobiidae and Nemipteridae. The artificial reefs also serve as a nursery ground for some species (e.g. Neopomacentrus sp.) which are important primary consumers of algae on natural reefs. Greater numbers of 'target' (food- important) fishes were observed at the concrete reef while the tyre reef harboured more juveniles and smallersized adults. The results indicate that the concrete modules were more effective than the tyre reef in terms of fish abundance per unit volume. Such structures can enhance the biological resources of relatively unproductive areas. WA: ARTIFICIAL REEFS, FISH COMMUNITIES, RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT

NOTE: THE REEF BALL DEVELOPMENT DOES NOT CONDONE THE USE OF TIRES (TYRES) FOR USE AS ARTIFICIAL REEFS.

(6) TI: BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHWESTERN LAKE- ONTARIO FOLLOWING INVASION OF DREISSENA AU: STEWART_TW, HAYNES_JM NA: SUNY COLL BROCKPORT,DEPT BIOL SCI,CTR APPL AQUAT SCI & AQUACULTURE,BROCKPORT,NY,14420 SUNY COLL ROCKPORT,DEPT BIOL SCI,CTR APPL AQUAT SCI & AQUACULTURE,BROCKPORT,NY,14420 JN: JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, 1994, Vol.20, No.2, pp.479-493 IS: 0380-1330 AB: Changes in benthic macroinvertebrate communities inhabiting natural cobble and artificial reef substrates in southwestern Lake Ontario were quantified following invasion of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and ''quagga'' mussels (Dreissena sp.). -Dreissena invasion data (1991-1992) were compared with pre-invasion data (1983) from the same sites. In 1991-1992, Dreissena comprised 79% and 93% of macroinvertebrates collected at cobble and artificial reef sites, respectively, replacing the amphipod Gammarus fasciatus

as the numerically dominant taxon at both sites. Total abundance of non-Dreissena macroinvertebrates was significantly greater at both sites in 1991-1992 than in 1983. Taxa showing the greatest increases in abundance at the cobble site included the annelids Manayunkia speciosa, Spirosperma ferox, and unidentified tubificids; the gastropods Helisoma anceps, Physa heterostropha, Stagnicola catascopium, Valvata tricarinata, Goniobasis livescens, and Amnicola limosa; the amphipod Gammarus fasciatus; and the decapod Orconectes propinquis. At the artificial reef site, significant population increases of Physa heterostropha, Valvata tricarinata, Goniobasis livescens, Amnicola limosa, Gammarus fasciatus and the trichopteran Polycentropus were observed. No taxon was less abundant in 1991-1992 than 1983. Comparisons of macroinvertebrate community similarity in 1983 and 1991-1992 by Morisita's Index, excluding Dreissena, indicated that previously established taxa did not change substantially between 1983 and 1991-1992 at either site. Although many factors may have contributed to the changes observed, our results support theories that Dreissena is facilitating energy transfer to the benthos through pseudofecal/fecal deposition, and that mussel colonies are providing additional habitat for other invertebrate taxa. KP: ZEBRA MUSSELS, GREAT-LAKES, POPULATION-DYNAMICS, POLYMORPHA, ZOOPLANKTON, GASTROPODA, BIVALVES, MOLLUSK, IMPACTS WA: ARTIFICIAL REEFS, BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES, DREISSENA- POLYMORPHA, LAKE ONTARIO, ZEBRA MUSSEL, ENERGY TRANSFER, FOOD WEB

(7) TI: EFFECTS OF PROXIMITY TO AN OFFSHORE HARD-BOTTOM REEF ON INFAUNAL ABUNDANCES AU: POSEY_MH, AMBROSE_WG NA: UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOL SCI,WILMINGTON,NC,28403 E CAROLINA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,GREENVILLE,NC,27834 JN: MARINE BIOLOGY, 1994, Vol.118, No.4, PP.745-753 IS: 0025-3162 AB: Rock outcrops represent an extensive, commercially important habitat along the southeast coast of North America, supporting large abundances of algae, invertebrates and fish. These rock outcrops have often been viewed as largely self-supporting systems, but some studies have suggested that the fish and invertebrate predators that use the ledges for shelter are strongly dependent on food from adjacent, soft-bottom habitats. We examined benthic macrofaunal abundances along two 75-m transects away from a rock ledge near Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina (depth ca. 30 m) in July 1990 and April 1991. The July 1990 samples indicated significantly higher abundances of total infauna, and of polychaetes, bivalves, isopods, and scaphopods, at a distance of 75 m from the rock ledge. In April 1991, when macrofaunal abundances were generally higher than in the previous summer, distributions of major taxa with distance from the rock ledge were more variable. Caging studies on macrofaunal abundances 10 m from the ledge, and video observations of fish abundances at 10 and 75 m from the ledge, provide support for a trophic link between the rock ledge and the adjacent soft-bottom communities. Our studies suggest that there are potentially important indirect effects of predator - prey interactions among the rock ledge-associated predators and soft-bottom prey. KP: SOUTH-ATLANTIC BIGHT, BENTHIC COMMUNITIES, CONTINENTAL-SHELF, FISH COMMUNITIES, ARTIFICIAL REEF, NORTH-CAROLINA, PREDATION RISK, INVERTEBRATE, COMPETITION, PATTERNS

(8) TI: LOBSTER (HOMARUS-GAMMARUS) MOVEMENT ON AN ARTIFICIAL REEF - THE POTENTIAL USE OF ARTIFICIAL REEFS FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT AU: JENSEN_AC, COLLINS_KJ, FREE_EK, BANNISTER_RCA NA: UNIV SOUTHAMPTON,DEPT OCEANOG,SOUTHAMPTON SO9 5NH,HANTS,ENGLAND MAFF,FISHERIES LAB,LOWESTOFT NR33 0HT,SUFFOLK,ENGLAND JN: CRUSTACEANA, 1994, Vol.67, No.Pt2, pp.198-211 IS: 0011-216X AB: In 1989 an experimental artificial reef, constructed with blocks made from stabilized coal-fired power station waste materials, was deployed in Poole Bay on the English south coast. A site was chosen on flat sandy seabed at a depth approximately 10 m below chart datum. Within a few weeks, research divers had observed lobsters on the reef, even though the reef blocks had been deposited on flat sand some distance (3 km) from the nearest natural reefs. Conventional tags were used in studies to investigate lobster movement around the reef structure between 1989 and 1992: 48% of the 114 individuals tagged have been recaptured at least once on the reef. Although a number of lobsters appear to have moved away from the reef altogether (16 of the reef-tagged lobsters have now been recaptured at a maximum of 15.7 km away from the artificial reef), one individual has now been observed on the reef for over 800 days. Lobsters colonized the new man-made structures quickly and many individuals have exhibited considerable long-term site loyalty. Artificial reefs may provide a method for long term lobster stock enhancement at specific sites, assuming habitat to be a major limiting factor on population size and structure.

NOTE: IN MOST PROJECTS, STABILIZED COAL ASH MAY BE USED IN REEF BALLS NOT TO EXCEED 30% OF THE CEMENTOUS PORTION OF THE CONCRETE MIX.

(9) TI: WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD ARTIFICIAL REEF FOR LOBSTERS AU: SPANIER_E NA: UNIV HAIFA,RECANATI CTR MARITIME STUDIES,MT CARMEL,IL-31905 HAIFA,ISRAEL UNIV HAIFA,DEPT MARITIME CIVILIZAT,IL-31905 HAIFA,ISRAEL JN: CRUSTACEANA, 1994, Vol.67, No.Pt2, pp.173-186 IS: 0011-216X AB: Artificial reefs have been used to concentrate fish. In order to characterize good artificial reefs for lobsters, information on the behaviour and ecology of lobsters on natural substrates is needed. Habitat and microhabitat selection, predator-prey and intraspecific interactions, and related facets are reviewed for late juvenile and adult clawed, spiny, and slipper lobsters. These data, together with the results of several experiments with man-made habitats, indicate the behavioural- ecological processes associated with shelter selection. Horizontal shelters with opaque cover and multiple den openings were preferred by most species studied. These characteristics are considered anti-predator adaptations. Yet, a survey of artificial reefs established in the recent decade has revealed that lobsters were reported in only a small proportion of the projects. It is suggested that the majority of these reefs has not been designed and constructed to fit the behavioural- ecological preferences of the target lobster species for shelter. KP: MEDITERRANEAN SLIPPER LOBSTER, WESTERN ROCK LOBSTERS, HOMARUS- AMERICANUS, PANULIRUS-ARGUS, SPINY LOBSTERS, NEW-ZEALAND, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES, SHELTER USE, BODY- SIZE

NOTE: REEF BALL HAS TECHNIQUES DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY TO ATTRACT AND RETAIN SPINY LOBSTERS. SEE TRAINING MANUAL FOR DETAILS.

(10) TI: IMPACTS OF HURRICANE-ANDREW ON THE OFFSHORE REEF SYSTEMS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA AU: BLAIR_SM, MCINTOSH_TL, MOSTKOFF_BJ NA: DADE CTY DEPT ENVIRONM RESOURCES MANAGEMENT,DIV NAT RESOURCES RESTORAT,33 SW 2ND AVE,MIAMI,FL,33130 DADE CTY DEPT ENVIRONM RESOURCES MANAGEMENT,ENHANCEMENT SECT,MIAMI,FL,33130 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1994, Vol.54, No.3, pp.961-973 IS: 0007-4977 AB: On 24 August 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed in close proximity to eight natural reef biological monitoring stations and eleven artificial reef sites offshore of Dade County. Eight qualitative visual surveys and eight quantitative photogrammetric surveys were used to estimate the impact of the hurricane on the natural reefs. The forereef slope of the offshore (5 km offshore) reef, between 17 and 29 m, was most heavily affected with lessor levels of damage occurring on the middle (4 km offshore) reef and least loss of organisms noted on the inner (2.5 km offshore) reef. The impact to the hard coral, soft coral, sponge and algal components varied on a given reef tract. The algal community consistently showed the greatest loss (40 to >90%) of benthic cover. The sponge community was slightly (0-25%) to heavily (50-75%) impacted, showing the greatest loss on the offshore reef and least on the inshore reef. Soft corals showed a similar trend with 25-50% loss and 0-25% on the offshore and inshore reef, respectively. Hard corals were least affected with a moderate loss of benthic cover (38%) on the offshore reef and slight loss (<23%) on the other inner two reefs. The effect of the storm on artificial reefs (i.e., steel vessels, prefabricated modules, concrete structures) varied greatly. Impacts ranged from no impact, to movement, to partial or total structural modification. No pattern of damage relative to location, orientation or depth of the reef material was discernable. KP: STATES VIRGIN-ISLANDS, CORAL REEFS, STORM DAMAGE, ST-JOHN, COMMUNITIES, HUGO

NOTE: REEF BALLS ARE DESIGNED TO BE STABLE PREVENTING DAMAGE TO ADJACENT NATURAL REEFS.

(11) TI: A COMPARISON OF THE FOULING COMMUNITY-DEVELOPMENT ON STABILIZED OIL-ASH AND CONCRETE REEFS AU: NELSON_WG, SAVERCOOL_DM, NETH_TE, RODDA_JR NA: FLORIDA INST TECHNOL,DEPT OCEANOG OCEAN ENGN & ENVIRONM SCI,MELBOURNE,FL,32901 LEWIS ENVIRONM SERV,TAMPA,FL,33622 AQUARIUM AMER,DEPT HUSB,NEW ORLEANS,LA,70130 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1994, Vol.55, No.2-3, pp.1303-1315 IS: 0007-4977 AB: An experimental reef an ay was installed in April 1987 at a site located off the coast of Vero Beach, Florida to evaluate the suitability of using oil-ash concrete as a material for the construction of artificial reefs. Development of the fouling community was compared on experimental oil-ash and concrete control bricks over a 2.5-yr period. The total number of species and the composition of the species recruiting to the est bricks were extremely similar for the two materials. The number of species was not significantly different between mix types. Few significant differences in the percent coverage by individual species were found. There was a significant difference in percent unoccupied space with oil-ash bricks possessing a greater percentage of unoccupied space than concrete bricks during the first year of the study. This difference was associated with a greater tendency of barnacles to slough off from the surface of the oil-ash bricks during this period, presumably due to a less stable brick surface. This effect was not observed during the second year of the study. There were no statistically significant trends for abundance of live barnacles, mean percentage of dead barnacles, or mean barnacle size between the two reef materials. Stabilized oil-ash material developed fouling communities comparable to those of concrete substrates in most respects. P: ARTIFICIAL REEF(12) TI: CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF STABILIZED OIL ASH ARTIFICIAL REEF AT SEA AU: SHIEH_CS, DUEDALL_IW NA: FLORIDA INST TECHNOL,DIV MARINE & ENVIRONM SYST,150 W UNIV BLVD,MELBOURNE,FL,32901

NOTE: OIL-ASH IN NOT APPROVED FOR USE IN REEF BALL PROJECTS SINCE THE FOULING COMMUNITY HAS NOT BEEN SHOW TO RESEMBLE NATURAL MATERIALS CONCLUSIVELY.

JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1994, Vol.55, No.2-3, pp.1295-1302 IS: 0007-4977 AB: The chemical behavior of stabilized oil ash reef blocks placed in the Atlantic Ocean on 7 April 1987 was investigated by studying the variation in concentration of selected elements in the reef blocks taken from the site after different periods of submersion. The overall objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the stabilization process for retaining trace metals of environmental concern in the stabilized oil ash reef blocks. Duplicate reef block samples were retrieved from the reef site for evaluation after 2, 5, 8, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months. Samples collected from the surface layer (less than 1 cm), mid- depth (about 5 cm from the top), and central parts of the block were ground to fine powder and then digested using HF-H3BO3 technique. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with Zeeman background correction was used for the analysis of Al, Ca, Cu, Mg, Pb, Si, V, and Zn. The overall results of chemical monitoring demonstrated that chemical interaction of the stabilized oil ash blocks with seawater over a 2.5-year-period of time was confined mainly to the surface layer (1 cm) of the block. Trace metals analyzed were found to be retained in the stabilized oil ash reef blocks after their emplacement al sea. KP: FLY-ASH, WASTE, COAL, SEAWATER

(13) TI: COAL ASH FOR ARTIFICIAL HABITATS IN ITALY AU: SAMPAOLO_A, RELINI_G NA: ENEL SPA,DSR,CRC,VIA DALMAZIA 21-C,I-72100 BRINIDISI,ITALY UNIV GENOA,IST ZOOL,I-16126 GENOA,ITALY JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1994, Vol.55, No.2-3, pp.1277-1294 IS: 0007-4977 AB: Experiments were carried out on ash derived from an ENEL coal combustion power plant for use as a component in artificial reef blocks. After preliminary laboratory tests to establish the optimum block hydrated lime-coal ash ratio and to determine their leaching capability in sea water, systematic physical, chemical and biological tests were carried out on reef models in an experimental plant Ash and concrete cubic blocks (20 x 20 x 20 cm), the latter used as reference, were arranged in pyramid shaped reef models inside two trial tanks supplied with flowing sea water. After one year of tests encouraging results have been obtained. No weathering, volume variation or swelling were found; on the other hand, marked compressive strength and sonic velocity increases were recorded. In the tank (water and blocks) chemical tests showed no significant leaching phenomena for chemical elements of environmental concern while laboratory tests showed the blocks' limited leaching capability (ppm) for macracomponents such as Al, Si, Ca and to a lesser extent (ppb) for hazardous elements like As, Cr, Se, Tl. Studies on biocolonization clearly showed that benthonic settlement on ash blocks was more evident than on concrete ones and that there was a greater number of species and biomass quantity. Chemical tests also showed no bioaccumulation phenomena.

NOTE: WITHOUT ADHERANCE TO THE 30% OF CEMENTOUS MATERIAL REQUIREMENT, BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ELEMENTS WILL CHANGE THE NATURAL SETTLEMENT OF MARINE LIFE. EVEN WHEN THIS APPEARS TO MAKE MORE LIFE, IT IS NOT "BETTER" AS IT IS NOT NATURAL.

(14) TI: COLONIZATION AND FISHERY POTENTIAL OF A COAL-ASH ARTIFICIAL REEF, POOLE-BAY, UNITED-KINGDOM AU: JENSEN_AC, COLLINS_KJ, LOCKWOOD_APM, MALLINSON_JJ, TURNPENNY_WH NA: UNIV SOUTHAMPTON,DEPT OCEANOG,SOUTHAMPTON SO17 1BJ,HANTS,ENGLAND FAWLEY AQUAT RES LABS LTD,MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOL UNIT,SOUTHAMPTON SO4 1TW,HANTS,ENGLAND JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1994, Vol.55, No.2-3, pp.1263-1276 IS: 0007-4977 AB: The colonization of an experimental reef composed of blocks of stabilized coal-fired power station waste (pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and gypsum), which was installed in Poole Bay in June 1989 is described. The reef consists of 50 tons of blocks (each 40 x 20 x 20 cm) formed into eight conical units, each 1 m high by 4 m across on an area of seabed 30 m x 10 m. The reef lies on a fiat sandy seabed (10 m below chart datum) 3 km distant from natural rocky outcrops. The eight units represent three different PFA/gypsum mixes, each replicated, and two concrete controls. Colonization by epibiota was monitored using direct observation and photographic recording of block surfaces. Analysis of the results using CLUSTAN 3/PC clustering software did not reveal any differences in the biota colonizing the three PFA/gypsum mixes or between the colonizers of the PFA/gypsum mixes and the concrete controls. Epibiota showed seasonal variations in abundance throughout the year overlain with a progression in the numbers of species present and a maturation of the population towards the epibiotic populations seen on local natural reefs. Adult lobsters (Homarus gammarus) and crabs (Cancer pagurus) from the local natural reefs were recruited to the reef within 3 weeks. Acoustic and conventional tagging studies revealed that some lobsters showed considerable site loyalty, with recorded residence time of 368 days. The most numerous shoaling fish congregating around the reef units has been the pouting, Trisopterus luscus, a small gadoid. Shoal size was commonly estimated at around 200 individuals per reef unit. Summer biomass estimates of pouting wet weight, using published weight to length conversions, were 207-1572 kg.ha(-1) in the vicinity of any one of the eight reef units. Several species using the reef were observed to be reproducing there. These include corkwing wrasse (Crenilabrus melops), lobster (Homarus gammarus), spiny spider crabs (Maja squinado), velvet swimming crab (Liocarcinus puber), hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus), whelks (Buccinum undatum) and the nudibranch (Archidoris pseudoargus). Assessment of infauna suggests that the infaunal population in the vicinity of the reef was not overtly affected by the presence of the reef. Sediment granulometry did not alter significantly between May 1989 and July 1991.

NOTE: IT IS UNKNOWN IF THE CONCRETE CONTROLS USED pH STABALIZED CONCRETE SO RESULTS ARE NOT ATTRIBUTABLE TO REEF BALLS.

(15) TI: EVALUATION OF STABILIZED COAL-FIRED POWER-STATION WASTE FOR ARTIFICIAL REEF CONSTRUCTION AU: COLLINS_KJ, JENSEN_AC, LOCKWOOD_APM, TURNPENNY_AWH NA: UNIV SOUTHAMPTON,DEPT OCEANOG,SOUTHAMPTON SO17 1BJ,HANTS,ENGLAND FAWLEY AQUAT RES LABS LTD,MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOL UNIT,NATL POWER,SOUTHAMPTON SO4 2AA,HANTS,ENGLAND JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1994, Vol.55, No.2-3, pp.1251-1262 IS: 0007-4977 AB: An experimental artificial reef was installed in Poole Bay in June 1989 to test the feasibility of using U.K. coal-fired power station waste products to produce a structure with fishery enhancement potential. Three different mixtures of the materials used, pulverized fuel ash (PFA), flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and FGD slurry, were stabilized with cement. Fifty tons of 40 X 20 X 20 cm blocks were formed into eight conical reef units, 1 m high, replicating three different PFA/gypsum mixtures and concrete controls. A concern arising from the use of such materials is that the heavy metals concentrated by the combustion of coal, and remaining in the ash, may leach out. The heavy metal content (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn) of the blocks has been monitored from both surface samples and sectioned cores to determine leaching rates. There have been no significant changes in heavy metal Concentrations to date, any temporal or spatial variation being within limits attributable to material heterogeneity. However there is some indication of a trend in block depth profiles suggesting either.

NOTE: TOXIC MATERIALS ARE NOT ALLOWED IN REEF BALLS UNLESS COMPLETELY ENCASED BY LOW PERABILITY CONCRETE. EVEN THEN, USES ARE LIMITED TO EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS.

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Older List

(1) TI: STUDY ON ARTIFICIAL REEF FROM THE VIEW POINT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LA: Japanese AU: KATOH_J, ITOSU_C NA: TOKYO UNIV FISHERIES,MINATO KU,TOKYO 108,JAPAN JN: BULLETIN OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF SCIENTIFIC FISHERIES, 1980, Vol.46, No.12, pp.1445-1456

(2) TI: SCALE AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF CORAL-REEF FISHES - A LONG- TERM STUDY OF A LARGE ARTIFICIAL REEF AU: OGDEN_JC, EBERSOLE_JP NA: FAIRLEIGH DICKINSON UNIV,W INDIES AB,CHRISTIANSTED,VI,00820 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT BIOL,BOSTON,MA,02125 JN: MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES, 1981, Vol.4, No.1, pp.97-103

(3) TI: ICHTHYOFAUNAL COLONIZATION OF A NEW ARTIFICIAL REEF IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO AU: LUKENS_RRNA: GULF COAST RES LAB,FISHERIES RES & DEV SECT,OCEAN SPRINGS,MS,39564 JN: GULF RESEARCH REPORTS, 1981, Vol.7, No.1, pp.41-46

(4) TI: PATTERNS OF ABUNDANCE VARIATION IN REEF FISHES NEAR AN ARTIFICIAL REEF AT GUAM AU: KOCK_RL NA: DIV AQUAT & WILDLIFE RESOURCES,POB 23367 GMF,AGANA,GU,96921 JN: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES, 1982, Vol.7, No.2, pp.121-136

(5) TI: EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF PENDLETON ARTIFICIAL REEF AU: GRANT_JJ, WILSON_KC, GROVER_A, TOGSTAD_HA NA: CALIF DEPT FISH & GAME,350 GOLDEN SHORE,LONG BEACH,CA,90802 JN: MARINE FISHERIES REVIEW, 1982, Vol.44, No.6-7, pp.53-60

(6) TI: THE EFFECTS OF AN ARTIFICIAL REEF ON RESIDENT FLATFISH POPULATIONS AU: WALTON_JM NA: PENINSULA COLL,PORT INGELES,WA,98362 JN: MARINE FISHERIES REVIEW, 1982, Vol.44, No.6-7, pp.45-48

(7) TI: FISH FORAGING ON AN ARTIFICIAL REEF IN PUGET SOUND, WASHINGTON AU: HUECKEL_GJ, STAYTON_RL NA: WASHINGTON DEPT FISHERIES,115 GEN ADM BLDG,OLYMPIA,WA,98504 JN: MARINE FISHERIES REVIEW, 1982, Vol.44, No.6-7, pp.38-44

(8) TI: THE COAL-WASTE ARTIFICIAL REEF PROGRAM (C-WARP) - A NEW RESOURCE POTENTIAL FOR FISHING REEF CONSTRUCTION AU: WOODHEAD_PMJ, PARKER_JH, DUEDALL_IW NA: SUNY STONY BROOK,MARINE SCI RES CTR,STONY BROOK,NY,11794 JN: MARINE FISHERIES REVIEW, 1982, Vol.44, No.6-7, pp.16-23

(9) TI: GROWTH OF SOME CORALS IN AN ARTIFICIAL REEF OFF DUMAGUETE, CENTRAL VISAYAS, PHILIPPINES AU: GOMEZ_ED, ALCALA_AC, ALCALA_LC NA: UNIV PHILIPPINES,CTR MARINE SCI,QUEZON CITY 3004,PHILIPPINES JN: KALIKASAN-THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY, 1982, Vol.11, No.1, pp.148-157

(10) TI: CORAL REEFS - ARTIFICIAL REEF MODELS PROVIDE AN INITIAL INSIGHT INTO REEF DEVELOPMENT LA: German AU: SCHUHMACHER_H NA: UNIV ESSEN GESAMTHSCH,FACHBEREICH HYDROBIOL 9,D-4300 ESSEN 1,FED REP GER JN: UMSCHAU DAS WISSENSCHAFTSMAGAZIN, 1983, Vol.83, No.2, pp.48-52

(11) TI: FLORIDA RECEIVES ARTIFICIAL REEF JN: FISHERIES, 1983, Vol.8, No.2, pp.2-3

(12) TI: EARLY COLONIZATION BY FISH OF AN ARTIFICIAL REEF IN FALSE BAY, SOUTH-AFRICA AU: CLIFF_G NA: UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT OOL,RONDEBOSCH 7700,SOUTH AFRICA JN: TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA, 1983, Vol.45, No.P1, pp.63-71

(13) TI: INTERNATIONAL ARTIFICIAL REEF CONFERENCE HELD JN: MARINE FISHERIES REVIEW, 1983, Vol.45, No.7-9, p.80 DT: Editorial

(14) TI: PATTERNS OF FISH HABITATION IN A NEW ARTIFICIAL REEF, QUANTITATIVE STUDIES AU: WOODHEAD_PMJ, ALEXANDER_MS NA: SUNY STONY BROOK,MARINE SCI RES CTR,STONY BROOK,NY,11794 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, p.402 DT: Meeting Abstract

(15) TI: COMPUTER-BASED POLICY ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL REEF SITING AU: SMITH_RJ IN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, p.401 DT: Meeting Abstract

(16) TI: REVIEW OF UNITED-STATES PATENTS RELATING TO ARTIFICIAL REEF TECHNOLOGY AU: SHELDON_JG JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, p.401 DT: Meeting Abstract

(17) TI: THE ARTIFICIAL REEF DEVELOPMENT CENTER AU: RADONSKI_GC, DUBOSE_WP NA: SPORT FISHING INST,WASHINGTON,DC,20005 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, p.400 DT: Meeting Abstract

(18) TI: DOCUMENTING A 5-YEAR STUDY OF BUILDING AN ARTIFICIAL REEF WITH COAL WASTE BLOCKS AU: PARKER_JH NA: SUNY STONY BROOK,STONY BROOK,NY,11794 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, p.399 DT: Meeting Abstract

(19) TI: THE SITING, DESIGN AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF AN ARTIFICIAL REEF PLANTED WITH KELP AU: NEUSHUL_M, HARGER_BWW, CARLSEN_DL, LEWIS_RJ, BROSSEAU_GA NA: UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA,93106 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, p.399 DT: Meeting Abstract

(20) TI: EPIFAUNAL SETTLEMENT, THE PROCESSES OF COMMUNITY-DEVELOPMENT AND SUCCESSION OVER 2 YEARS ON AN ARTIFICIAL REEF IN THE NEW- YORK-BIGHT U: WOODHEAD_PMJ, JACOBSON_ME NA: SUNY STONY BROOK,MARINE SCI RES CTR,STONY BROOK,NY,11794 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, pp.364-376

(21) TI: FISH COLONIZATION AND MATERIALS COMPARISONS ON A PUGET SOUND ARTIFICIAL REEF AU: LAUFLE_JC, PAULEY_GB NA: USA ENGN DIST PORTLAND,FISH & WILDLIFE BRANCH,POB 2946,PORTLAND,OR,97208 UNIV WASHINGTON,WASHINGTON COOPERAT FISHERY RES UNIT,SEATTLE,WA,98195 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, pp.227-243

(22) TI: DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND DENSITY ESTIMATES OF FISHES ON A SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA ARTIFICIAL REEF WITH COMPARISONS TO NATURAL KELP REEF HABITATS AU: JESSEE_WN, CARPENTER_AL, CARTER_JW NA: LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE CO INC,1111 LOCKHEED WAY,0-53-30,B- 580,N SUNNYVALE,CA,94086 ALOXY,OCEANSIDE,CA,92056 LOCKHEED GEORGIA CO,MARIETTA,GA,30063 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, pp.214-226

(23) TI: VIRGINIAS ARTIFICIAL REEF STUDY - DESCRIPTION AND RESULTS OF YEAR-I AU: FEIGENBAUM_D, BLAIR_CH, BELL_M, MARTIN_JR, KELLY_MG NA: OLD DOMINION UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,NORFOLK,VA,23508 S CAROLINA WILDLIFE & MARINE RESOURCES DEPT,DIV RECREAT FISHERIES,CHARLESTON,SC,29412 VIRGINIA MARINE RESOURCES COMMISS,NEWPORT NEWS,VA,23607 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, pp.179-188

(24) TI: EFFECTS OF 3 SUBSTRATE VARIABLES ON 2 ARTIFICIAL REEF FISH COMMUNITIES AU: CHANDLER_CR, SANDERS_RM, LANDRY_AM NA: LGL ECOL RES ASSOCIATES,1410 CAVITT,BRYAN,TX,77801 KANSAS FISH & GAME COMMISS,LAWRENCE,KS,66044 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT MARINE BIOL,GALVASTON,TX,77550 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, pp.129-142

(25) TI: BENTHIC SUCCESSION ON AN ARTIFICIAL REEF DESIGNED TO SUPPORT A KELP-REEF COMMUNITY AU: CARTER_JW, CARPENTER_AL, FOSTER_MS, JESSEE_WN NA: LOCKHEED GEORGIA CO,DEPT 72-83,ZONE 418,86 S COBB DR,MARIETTA,GA,30060 MOSS LANDING MARINE LABS,MOSS LANDING,CA,95039 CALIF OCCIDENTAL CONSULTANTS,OCEANSIDE,CA,92056 LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE CO INC,SUNNYVALE,CA,94086 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, pp.86-113

(26) TI: BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND ECOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ON AN

ARTIFICIAL REEF IN PUGET-SOUND, WASHINGTON AU: BUCKLEY_RM, HUECKEL_GJ NA: WASHINGTON STATE DEPT FISHERIES,MARINE FISH PROGRAM,ROOM 115,GEN ADM BLDG,OLYMPIA,WA,98504 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, pp.50-69

(27) TI: ARTIFICIAL REEF RESEARCH - A REVIEW WITH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE PRIORITIES AU: BOHNSACK_JA, SUTHERLAND_DL NA: COOPERAT INST MARINE & ATMOSPHER STUDIES,MIAMI,FL,33149 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, pp.11-39 DT: Review

(28) TI: 3RD INTERNATIONAL ARTIFICIAL REEF CONFERENCE 3-5 NOVEMBER 1983, NEWPORT-BEACH, CALIFORNIA - FOREWORD AU: BUCKLEY_R, GRANT_J, STEPHENS_J NA: WASHINGTON STATE DEPT FISHERIES,MARINE FISH PROGRAM,ROOM 15,GEN ADM BLDG,OLYMPIA,WA,98504 CALIF DEPT FISH & GAME,MARINE RESOURCES REG,LONG BEACH,CA,90802 OCCIDENTAL COLL,DEPT BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA,90041 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1985, Vol.37, No.1, pp.1-2 DT: Editorial

(29) TI: AN ANALYSIS OF ROCKY COASTAL EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN FISH ASSEMBLAGES AND A COMPARISON WITH AN ADJACENT SMALL ARTIFICIAL REEF AU: DIAMANT_A, BENTUVIA_A, BARANES_A, GOLANI_D NA: HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,DEPT ZOOL,JERUSALEM,ISRAEL H STEINITZ MARINE BIOL LAB,INTERUNIV INST ELAT,POB 469,ELAT,ISRAEL JN: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, 1986, Vol.97, No.3, pp.269-285

(30) TI: ARTIFICIAL REEF DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT AU: MCGURRIN_JM, REEFF_MJ NA: ARTIFICIAL REEF DEV TR,WASHINGTON,DC JN: MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL, 1986, Vol.20, No.3, pp.3-9

(31) TI: COLONIZATION OF MARINE FISHES OF A DESIGNED ARTIFICIAL REEF AU: BROCK_RE, NORRIS_JE NA: UNIV HAWAII,INST MARINE IOL,KANEOHE,HI,96744 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1987, Vol.41, No.2, p.634 DT: Meeting Abstract

(32) TI: EPIFAUNAL COLONIZATION AND COMMUNITY-DEVELOPMENT ON AN ARTIFICIAL REEF IN HAWAIIAN WATERS AU: BAILEYBROCK_JH NA: UNIV HAWAII MANOA,DEPT ZOOL,HONOLULU,HI,96822 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1987, Vol.41, No.2, p.633 DT: Meeting Abstract

(33) TI: USE OF HIGH-RESOLUTION GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ARTIFICIAL REEF SITE SELECTION, WEST CAMERON PLANNING AREA, OFFSHORE LOUISIANA AU: POPE_DL, WAGNER_JB NA: LOUISIANA GEOL SURVEY,BATON ROUGE,LA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,BATON ROUGE,LA,70803 JN: AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS, 1988, Vol.72, No.9, p.1120 DT: Meeting Abstract

(34) TI: POLYCHAETES OF AN ARTIFICIAL REEF IN THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN- SEA AU: GRAVINA_MF, ARDIZZONE_GD, BELLUSCIO_A NA: UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DEPT ANIM & HUMAN BIOL,VIALE NIV,I-00185 ROME,ITALY JN: ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.28, No.2, pp.161-172

(35) TI: HYDROACOUSTIC OBSERVATIONS OF FISH ABUNDANCE AND BEHAVIOR AROUND AN ARTIFICIAL REEF IN COSTA-RICA AU: THORNE_RE, HEDGEPETH_JB, CAMPOS_J NA: UNIV WASHINGTON,FISHERIES RES INST,SEATTLE,WA,98195 UNIV COSTA RICA,CTR INVEST CIENCIAS MAR & LIMNOL,SAN JOSE,COSTA RICA JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.1058-1064

(36) TI: A DEBATE ON RESPONSIBLE ARTIFICIAL REEF DEVELOPMENT AU: MEIER_MH, BUCKLEY_R, POLOVINA_JJ NA: VIRGINIA MARINE RESOURCES COMM,NEWPORT NEWS,VA,23607 WASHINGTON STATE DEPT FISHERIES,MARINE FISH PROGRAM HABITAT INVEST,OLYMPIA,WA,98504 NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,SW FISHERIES CTR,HONOLULU LAB,NOAH,2570 DOLE ST,HONOLULU,HI,96822 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.1051-1057

(37) TI: ARTIFICIAL REEF OBSERVATIONS FROM A MANNED SUBMERSIBLE OFF SOUTHEAST FLORIDA AU: SHINN_EA, WICKLUND_RI NA: US GEOL SURV,FISHER ISL STN,MIAMI BEACH,FL,33139 PERRY FDN BLDG,LEE STOCKING ISL,RIVIERA BEACH,FL,33404 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.1041-1050

(38) TI: STATUS AND FUTURE-PLANS OF ARTIFICIAL REEF PROJECTS IN JAPAN AU: YAMANE_T NA: ALL JAPAN COASTAL FISHERIES PROMOT & DEV ASSOC,KAMAKURA KASHI BLDG,2-2-1 UCHIKANDO,CHIYODA KU,TOKYO 101,JAPAN JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.1038-1040

(39) TI: PROFILING UNITED-STATES ARTIFICIAL REEF DEVELOPMENT AU: MCGURRIN_JM, STONE_RB, SOUSA_RJ NA: ATLANTIC STATES MARINE FISHERIES COMM,SUITE 703,1717 MASSACHUSETTS AVE W,WASHINGTON,DC,20036 NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,DIV RECREAT & JURIS FISHERIES,WASHINGTON,DC,20235 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DIV FED AID,WASHINGTON,DC,20240 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.1004-1013

(40) TI: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICACY OF 4 ARTIFICIAL REEF DESIGNS IN TROPICAL WATERS AU: BROCK_RE, NORRIS_JE NA: UNIV HAWAII,HAWAII INST MARINE BIOL,1000 POPE RD,HONOLULU,HI,96822 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.934-941

(41) TI: EXPERIMENTAL SHELLFISH CULTURE ON AN ARTIFICIAL REEF IN THE ADRIATIC SEA AU: FABI_G, FIORENTINI_L, GIANNINI_S NA: IST RIC PESCA MARITTIMA,CNR,MOLO MANDRACCHIO,I-60100 ANCONA,ITALY JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.923-933

(42) TI: UTILIZATION OF MANUFACTURED REEF STRUCTURES IN SOUTH-CAROLINAS MARINE ARTIFICIAL REEF PROGRAM AU: BELL_M, MOORE_CJ, MURPHEY_SW NA: S CAROLINA MARINE RESOURCES DIV,RECREAT FISHERIES PROGRAM,POB 12559,CHARLESTON,SC,29412 N CAROLINA DIV MARINE FISHERIES,MOREHEAD CITY,NC,28557 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.818-830

(43) TI: TENNECO-II ARTIFICIAL REEF PROJECT - AN EVALUATION OF RIGS-TO- REEFS FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AU: MCGURRIN_JM, FEDLER_AJ NA: ATLANTIC STATES MARINE FISHERIES COMMISS,SUITE 310,1400 16TH ST,WASHINGTON,DC,20036 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT RECREAT,COLLEGE PK,MD,20742 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.777-781

(44) TI: AN ARTIFICIAL TIRE-REEF IN A TROPICAL MARINE SYSTEM - A MANAGEMENT TOOL AU: CAMPOS_JA, GAMBOA_C NA: UNIV COSTA RICA,CIMAR,SAN PEDRO,COSTA RICA UNIV COSTA RICA,ESCUELA BIOL,SAN PEDRO,COSTA RICA JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.757-766

(45) TI: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HABITAT STRUCTURE, BODY SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION OF FISHES AT A TEMPERATURE ARTIFICIAL REEF AU: ANDERSON_TW, DEMARTINI_EE, ROBERTS_DA NA: UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA,93106 MARINE REVIEW COMM RES CTR,ENCINITAS,CA,92024 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.681-697

(46) TI: EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL REEF DEPLOYMENT ON NEARBY RESIDENT FISHES AU: ALEVIZON_WS, GORHAM_JC NA: FLORIDA INST TECHNOL,DEPT BIOL SCI,150 W UNIV BLVD,MELBOURNE,FL,32901 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.646-661

(47) TI: FOULING COMMUNITY-DEVELOPMENT ON AN ARTIFICIAL REEF IN HAWAIIAN WATERS AU: BAILEYBROCK_JH NA: UNIV HAWAII,ZOOL,2538 THE MALL,HONOLULU,HI,96822 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.580-591

(48) TI: COLONIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL REEF MATERIALS BY CORALS AND OTHER SESSILE ORGANISMS AU: FITZHARDINGE_RC, BAILEYBROCK_JH NA: UNIV HAWAII,DEPT ZOOL,2538 THE MALL,HONOLULU,HI,96822 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.567-579

(49) TI: EFFECT OF CURRENT ON THE SESSILE BENTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF AN ARTIFICIAL REEF AU: BAYNES_TW, SZMANT_AM NA: UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,A-008,LA JOLLA,CA,92093 UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,MIAMI,FL,33149 JN: BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 1989, Vol.44, No.2, pp.545-566

(50) TI: AN ASSESSMENT OF ATLANTIC ARTIFICIAL REEF DEVELOPMENT AU: MCGURRIN_J NA: ATLANTIC STATES MARINE FISHERIES COMMISS,INTERSTATE FISHERY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC,20036 JN: FISHERIES, 1989, Vol.14, No.4, pp.19-25

(51) TI: ENERGY WASTE STABILIZATION TECHNOLOGY FOR USE IN ARTIFICIAL REEF CONSTRUCTION AU: SHIEH_CS, DUEDALL_IW, KALAJIAN_EH, ROETHAL_FJ NA: FLORIDA INST TECHNOL,DEPT CHEM & ENVIRONM ENGN,MELBOURNE,FL,32901 FLORIDA INST TECHNOL,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,MELBOURNE,FL,32901 SUNY STONY BROOK,MARINE SCI RES CTR,INST WASTE MANAGEMENT,STONY BROOK,NY,11794 JN: ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES, 1990, Vol.422, pp.328-344 DT: Review

(52) TI: BEHAVIOR OF PAH ASSOCIATED WITH AN ARTIFICIAL REEF CONSTRUCTED OF COAL AND OIL ASH WASTES AU: FREASE_RA, WINDSOR_JG NA: FLORIDA INST TECHNOL,DEPT OCEANOG,MELBOURNE,FL,32901 JN: ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 1990, Vol.199, No.APR, pp.119-ENVR DT: Meeting Abstract

(53) TI: INFLUENCE OF AN ARTIFICIAL REEF ON THE SURROUNDING INFAUNAL COMMUNITY AU: AMBROSE_RF, ANDERSON_TW NA: UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA,93106 JN: MARINE BIOLOGY, 1990, Vol.107, No.1, pp.41-52

(54) TI: BEHAVIOR OF SELECTED POLYCYCLIC ROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS ASSOCIATED WITH STABILIZED OIL AND COAL ASH ARTIFICIAL REEF AU: FREASE_RA, WINDSOR_JG NA: FLORIDA INST TECHNOL,DEPT OCEANOG & OCEAN ENGN,150 W UNIV BLVD,MELBOURNE,FL,32901 JN: MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, 1991, Vol.22, No.1, pp.15-19 AB: An experimental artificial reef consisting of oil and coal fly ash stabilized with cement and lime has been placed in the Atlantic Ocean off the east central coast of Florida. The oil and fly ash were found to contain levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) similar to a moderately contaminated sediment. Detectable concentrations of individual PAH ranged from highs in the oil ash of 1200 and 270 ng g-1 to lows of 250 and 49 ng g-1 in stabilized bricks for fluoranthane and naphthalene, respectively. The stabilization process used in the construction of the reef bricks reduced the extractability of PAH from reef bricks by hot organic solvents. Because of the toxicity of some PAH, there is concern for leaching of the PAH by seawater from the waste ash used for construction of the reef. Leaching studies of the reef materials with seawater, however, indicated PAH are retained within the reef materials and that seawater is not an effective medium for removing PAH from reef bricks or the ash. Furthermore, the reef materials were found to adsorb PAH from the seawater phase. These results indicate that the stabilization of oil ash is an efficient tool for isolating PAH from environmental circulation. KP: POWER-PLANTS, SEDIMENTS, ADSORPTION, MARINE, WATER

(55) TI: DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS OF THE RELATIVE NEED FOR ARTIFICIAL REEFS IN FLORIDA AU: HOLLAND_SM NA: UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT RECREAT PK & TOURISM,GAINESVILLE,FL,32611 JN: COASTAL MANAGEMENT, 1991, Vol.19, No.2, pp.219-238 AB: Artificial reef development involves planning from a number of perspectives including biological, oceanographic, engineering, and social. This article reviews previous studies and identifies demographic variables that affect the use of artificial reefs by recreational anglers. An index of relative demand was created employing eight components: number of coastal country resident boat anglers, nonresident boat anglers, tourist boat anglers, nonboat anglers, number of fishing clubs, number of charter/party boats, number of registered pleasure boats, and the rate of county population growth. By comparing the magnitude of the index to the number of existing artificial reefs off of Florida's 35 coastal counties, an estimate of relative need was graphically portrayed on a state map. Indian River county on the Atlantic coast and Hernando, Hillsborough, Pasco, Citrus, Levy, Lee, and Charlotte counties on the central Gulf coast are the areas with the greatest demand relative to existing reef supply. WA: ARTIFICIAL REEFS, RECREATIONAL DEMAND, RECREATIONAL FISHING, DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES, FLORIDA

(56) TI: THE ROLE OF MOLLUSKS IN THE FORMATION OF FOULING COMMUNITY ON SUPPORTS OF OIL PLATFORMS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA LA: Russian AU: SELIN_NI NA: ACAD SCI USSR,INST MARINE BIOL,INVERTEBRATES ECOL & CULTIVAT LAB,VLADIVOSTOK 690032,USSR JN: BIOLOGIYA MORYA-MARINE BIOLOGY, 1991, No.4, pp.90-94 IS: 0134-3475 DT: Note AB: The fouling of oil platforms deployed in the South China Sea in 1984 and 1986-1988 was investigated in September-October 1988. The structure and distribution of aquatic organisms depend on the time of exposure of substratum. Unlike the temperate waters of the World Ocean where bivalves serve as an indicator of a climax state of fouling community (Zevina, 1972), in the tropics an abundant development of molluscs is characteristic of an intermediate phase preceding the formation of a powerful framework of artificial reef from shells of dead molluscs and scleractinians.

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