Dar es
Salaam Marine Ecology Conservation Project
1: Dar es
Salaam Regional and City Profile
Location: Dar-es-Salaam (DSM) lies in the eastern part of
Tanzania mainland, located between latitudes 6027’ and 7015’ South of equator
and between 390 and 39033’ east of the Green Witch Meridian line. It lies
between 6.34’ and
7.10’ South
on the West Indian Ocean coastline, stretching about 100 km between the Mpiji
River to the north and beyond the Mzinga River in the south, enclosing a land
of 1,350km2. The region is divided into three Municipal Districts, namely
Ilala, Kinondoni and Temeke that are subdivided into 72 wards.
Population: DSM is the commercial capital and largest urban
center in Tanzania. It has an estimated population of 3.5 million people, Ilala
800,000, Kinondoni 1,200,000 and Temeke 1,500,000. Since 1988 the average
growth rate has been about 8% per annum. The total number of households is
about 547,000 with an average size of 6.4 persons. 70% of the population lives
in 40 unplanned settlements.
District |
Population |
Ilala |
800,000 |
Kinondoni |
1,200,000 |
Temeke |
1,500,000 |
Total |
3,500,000 |
Source:Dar
es Salaam City Council
Climate: DSM region has tropical equatorial climate, a
mean annual temperature of 260C and an average humidity of 96% in the morning
and 67% in the afternoon. The annual rainfall averages over 1000mm.
Morphological characteristics: The region is
characterized by four distinct landforms:
(a) Shoreline & Beach: The shoreland immediately
abutting the sea, comprising sand dunes and tidal swamps.
(b) Coastal Plain: A limestone coastal plain to the
west of shoreland extending to the Pugu hills, overlain with clay bound
Pleistocene with fairly uniform relief lying between 15 and 35m above sea level
and slopes of less than 3%. Whilst extending 10kms to the west of the city, the
plain narrows to 2kms at Kawe in the north before widening to 8kms at the Mpiji
river, and varies between 8-5kms in width to the southwest where the relief is
more irregular gradually merges into the more elevated head waters of Mzinga
river. Lakes and ponds are scattered throughout this landform where rich clay
soils and zero gradient impede natural drainage.
(c) Inland Alluvial Plains: Rivers originating from the
Pugu hills to the east dissect the coastal plain in a series of steep sided
U-shaped valleys, culminating in creeks and mangrove swamps before entering the Indian Ocean. Dar es Salaam harbor
penetrating almost 10kms inland along the Kizinga and Mzinga creeks forming the
principal topographical feature of the region. These valley soils are generally
poorly drained silt clays enriched with organic matters.
(d) Upland Plateau: The deeply dissected Pugu hills,
which bound the region to the west average 100 to 200m above mean sea level
rising some 330m at some point, are
characterized by steep weathered slopes and well drained of unconsolidated
gravely clay bound soils.
Water Resources: The region contains watersheds of 4 major
rivers. Mpiji River forms the northern boundary of DSM, Msimbazi River flows to
the north of the city centre and Kizinga and Mzinga Rivers flow into the
harbour area of the city. There are also smaller water courses such as
Nyakasangwe, Tegeta, Mbezi, Sinza, Tabata, Minerva. Apart from a small pumping station
at Mtoni on the Kizinga River, all regulated water comes from Ruvu River
outside the city boundary. Due to the distance involved, there is high leakage
and limited free flow. The region will always rely on external surface sources
as groundwater is not only polluted from effluents but contains high degree of
salinity. Whilst the primary function of these river systems is for drainage
with only a small pumping station in Kizinga River, some streams are occasionally
used as last resort water sources by poor families in unplanned settlements who
cannot afford to purchase water commercially.
Industry: 80% of the nations’
industries are located in the DSM region. In 1999 there were 412 industries on
the register of the Ministry of Industries and Trade, including some which may
have since ceased to operate.
Industrial
in Dar Es Salaam
Category |
No. of industries |
Food
and beverage manufacturing, chemicals and cosmetics |
162 |
Metal
products |
55 |
Textile
mills, garments, leather and plastic products |
90 |
Paper
and paper products, printing, publishing and allied industries |
33 |
Wood
and wood products |
17 |
Building
and construction materials |
14 |
Electrical
appliances, battery industries |
12 |
Animal
feeds |
8 |
Motor/vehicles
assembly and maintenance |
10 |
Glass
and Glass products |
5 |
Ginnery
and tobacco |
3 |
Mineral |
2 |
Petroleum
refineries |
1 |
Source:
Ministry of Industries and Trade. (International Standards: Industrial
classification of all economic activities Part II List of major Divisions,
Divisions and major groups).
Tourism:The coastal climate is favourable to beach
tourism. In DSM there are more than 13 tourist hotels, and new ones are under
construction, with a total of 5,000 beds. The main ones include the Sheraton
Hotel, New Africa Hotel, Kilimanjaro Hotel (now inoperative), Silversands
Hotel, Whitesands Hotel, Jangwani Beach Hotel, Haven of Peace Hotel, Sea Cliff
Hotel, Africana Hotel, Kunduchi Beach Hotel, Bahari Beach Hotel, Oysterbay
Hotel, Karibu Hotel. According to the Ministry of Natural Resources &
Tourism and the Tanzania Tourist Board, the annual average number of tourist is
about 201,000 with average annual expenditure of US$ 190 million.
Commercial and Industrial activity and the
"Informal Sector": Until the
1980s, the main commercial and industrial areas were mainly those designated by
the Urban Master Plan of the City, covering an area of some 170 ha for the
Central Business District and over 2000 ha for the and industrial areas. By
1992, industrial sites sprawled and doubled in size; small scale commercial,
industrial and service units mushroomed throughout the city, in response to
high urbanization and rising unemployment in the formal sector, occupying city
center
pavements, road junctions, transportation terminal
sites, as well as locations along arterial road reserves. The informal
sector in DSM region is growing rapidly. In 1991, the Ministry of Labour and
Youth Development counted more than 210,000 businesses with an average of 1.5
jobs per enterprise (Report on Self-help organization in the informal sector of
the DSM, SIDO/GTZ Project, 1995). By definition many informal activities are
low-cost, unregistered and escape official statistics; 95% of informal
businesses are survival activities. Overall, the informal sector is estimated
to generate over 32% of the officially recorded Gross Domestic Product.
Earnings per worker are 2.6 times higher the minimum wages in the urban formal sector.
.Agriculture: Of the total area of DSM of
1,350km2, an area of 430km2 (or 32%) is taken up by urban development, 20km2 is
forest land and 900km2 (or 67%) is rural only part of it in agricultural use.
Agriculture is however the main activity within the region. Satellite image
pictures suggest that as much as 23% of the area of the region is used for agriculture
production.
Fishing: The total population of fishermen is disputed;
estimates range from 3,000 - 50,000. This vast difference is explained by the
small number of licensed fishermen relative to the much larger number of non-
registered fishermen. Despite the number of rivers crossing the city and the
few fresh water lakes and ponds, inland fisheries are limited. Offshore
fisheries are extensively exploited by small-scale fishermen trawling and
netting the coastal waters landing on average some 50,000 kg annually, marketed
for more than TSh. 3.0 million.
The fishermen are divided into three groups:
Wealthy fishermen owing fleet of boats with engines on board, nets and gear.
They employ hired labour. This group comprises rich fishermen with resources to
buy dynamite and use it in their fishing techniques together with trawling and
small mesh nets. Small-boat owners fishing in shallow water near their villages
for their livelihood and family consumption. Poor fishermen (the largest group)
mostly employed boat owners as labourers.
Fish species caught in
marine waters of DSM
COMMON NAME |
REPRESENTATIVE SPICES |
LOCAL NAME |
Rays |
Rhinoptera javanica |
Taa |
Flat fish |
Psettodes |
Goyogoyo |
Sardine |
Sardinella gibbosa |
Dagaa |
Thread fish |
Polynemus spp. |
Kupe |
Cat fish |
Arius spp. |
Hongore |
Half beaks |
Hemiramphus spp. |
Chuchunge |
Mackerel |
Rastrellinger kanagurta |
Vibua |
Parrot fish |
Leptoscarus spp |
Pono |
Rabbit fish |
Siganus spp. |
Tasi |
Scavenger |
Lethrinus spp |
Changu |
King fish |
Scomberomorus commerson |
Nguru |
Tuna |
Auxis thazard |
Sehewa |
Jacks |
Seriola rivoliana |
Kolekole |
Rockcod |
Epinephelus spp |
Chewa |
Silver Biddes |
Gerres spp |
Chaa |
Mullets |
Mugil cephalus |
Mkizi |
Milk fish |
Chanos chanos |
Mwatiko |
Cobia |
Rachycentron canadum |
Songoro |
Sword fish |
Xiphias gladius |
Samsuli |
Queen fish |
Scomberdes |
Pandu |
Source: An Aquamarine
Profile of DSM region by NEMC, 1995.
Quarrying: Sand, stone, limestone and clay are extracted
in key locations for building and construction purposes. Salt is mined in the
shore for domestic consumption. Approved sand quarrying areas include Mbagala,
Chamazi, Pande, Twangomna, Majohe Makonge, Kitunda, Mpiji, Pugu and Bunju, with
other more urban areas where mining is carried out unofficially such as Kawe,
Mbezi beach, Tegeta Mtongani, Boko & Tabata. Stone is mainly extracted from
Kunduchi, Mjimwema, Boko, Bunju and Kigamboni quarries, supplemented by small
scale
family operations in disused quarries scattered
throughout the urban area, especially in Msasani, Oysterbay & Masaki.
Limestone is quarried from Wazo / Kunduchi outcrops for the Tanzania Portland
Cement Company Ltd. at Wazo Hill cement factory. Clay is extracted from upper
Msimbazi river valley for the manufacturing of bricks.
Estimated income: The average annual contribution of DSM
region to the national GDP is reported at 33% and the per capita income at
about TSh. 197,000 (National Accounts of Tanzania 1976-1994), both higher
compared to other regions. The current average wage in DSM is 250 US$. The
liberalisation of the economy, intended to stimulate private sector development
and markets for goods and services, has contributed to rapid growth of informal
sector activities that increasingly absorb working population released from the
previously protected public and parastatal sectors. It is estimated that in the
informal sector earnings per worker are 2.6 times higher minimum wages.
Health facilities: In this region health
facilities are located in various parts of the area comprising both informal
and formal health establishments. Despite improvements in medical practice, the
informal sector still plays an important role in the community. The formal
sector is run by various institutions including the Government, voluntary
agencies, parastatal and other private organisations. There are in the region
429 health units that include 36 hospitals, 13 health centres and 380
dispensaries.
Distribution of hospitals, health centres and dispensaries in DSM
region, 1997
|
Number of hospitals |
||||
Facilities |
Government |
Voluntary
agency |
Parastatal |
Private |
Total |
Hospitals |
3 |
1 |
2 |
30 |
36 |
Health centres |
4 |
2 |
2 |
5 |
13 |
Dispensaries |
52 |
65 |
61 |
202 |
380 |
Source: An
Environmental Health Profile for DSM region by NEMC 1998
General Environmental Sector Problems
Urbanization: Urbanisation is the most dynamic factor
underlying most of the immediate causes of environmental degradation. Rapid
urban population growth imposes heavy demands on the already densely inhabited
housing areas, most of which are unplanned and lack organised sanitary and
wastewater infrastructure systems. Urban population growth in DSM is currently
around 8% per year outpacing the limited capacities of municipal authorities to
supply adequate infrastructure facilities. It is estimated that 70% of the
population live in over 40 unplanned communities covering an area of 10,000 ha.
Uncontrolled disposal of wastewater and solid wastes is a common problem
affecting water sources and living conditions in all unplanned settlements,
particularly in settlements such as Manzese and Vingunguti. Outbreaks of
water-borne diseases are frequent during the rainy seasons.
Domestic wastewater: DSM has no operative
sewage collection infrastructure. The sewerage system is old and degenerated.
It covers an area of 130km of sewer and consists of 11 networks supported by 17
pumping stations, including the City Center, parts of Sinza, Ubungo and
Vingunguti. It was built in the late 1950's and its attempted rehabilitated in
the period 1980–1988 has been unsuccessful. Sewage from the areas supposed to
be served is discharged into oxidation ponds and directed to the ocean
untreated. Poor managing of these ponds result in overflowing and spreading of
sewer to the surroundings. Only 4 of the 8 oxidation ponds are considered to be
operating (University of Dar-es-Salaam, Kurasini, Mikocheni and Vingunguti).
Only 15% of the households are connected to the system. 80% of the households
in the rest of DSM use on-site pit latrines and septic tanks. High water table
in various parts of the city during the short and long rains further compounds
the poor sanitary conditions with many
pits overflowing into the drainage system emptied manually, often by the
families themselves and occasionally by private
companies at a cost.
Industrial wastes: The rapid growth of
informal sector activities, particularly workshops and repair establishments, generate industrial
wastes in settlement areas and near rivers adjacent to coastal areas.
Industrial development and more so small and medium size workshops are not
subject to proper Environmental Impact Assessment due to institutional
inadequacies relative to the sheer scale, pace of undetected nature of informal
sector activities. Car washing activities are often sited near streams (e.g.
Msimbazi river along Jangwani, near Kilimanjaro Hotel etc) discharging dirty
water covered with layers of oil. At the ports ships
handle large quantities of oil with frequent oil
leakage from Tazama Pipeline. Oil spills also occur during operational transfer
of oil from tankers into receiving facilities. Within the city industries are
concentrated mainly in the Mikocheni light industrial area, Nyerere road
industrial area, Changombe industrial area, Morogoro Road industrial area,
Mandela express industrial area and Mbezi along Ali Hassan Mwinyi road. Many
industries discharge untreated effluents directly or through storm water
drainage, river creeks and streams or estuary drainage into the sea.
the ocean (now closed ).
The extent of industrial pollutants has not been
quantified to provide further information.
Solid wastes: It is estimated that about 2,220 tons/day
of solid wastes are generated in the city of DSM. Currently only 23% of the
generated quantity is collected and disposed of to the Vingunguti crude
dumpsite. Smoke, dust and intolerable smell is released to the nearby
residential areas creating vermin and mosquito breeding, whilst lack of
hazardous wastes separation contaminates ground water resources. Solid wastes
are burnt and dumped in streets and open space (Changanikeni, Makumbusho,
Mpakani road, etc) that further degrade living and health conditions. It is
estimated that 64 million m3 of municipal wastes a year are disposed of into
open channels that percolate into the ground or flow in rivers (Kishimba M. A,
and Mkenda A., The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs and Urban Pollution
and Sanitation: Empirical Evidence from Tanzania Major Cities, and Njau G. J.
and Mugurusi E. K., Towards Sustainable
Environment in DSM: AMREF, 1995).
Production
of solid wastes in the region
Source |
Quantity (tons/day) 1995 |
Quantity (tons/day) 2000 |
Domestic |
870 |
1020 |
Market |
200 |
335 |
Industrial |
100 |
240 |
Institutional |
80 |
120 |
Commercial |
50 |
130 |
Street
cleaning |
40 |
130 |
Car
wrecks |
30 |
50 |
Harzadous
wastes |
30 |
110 |
Hospital
wastes |
25 |
75 |
Construction
wastes |
5 |
15 |
Total |
1430 |
2,220 |
Source: for
year 1995:Kishimba M A, Mkenda a &
Njau D J Sustainable Environment in Tanzania for year 2000: Dump Management at
Vingunguti Dump.
Soil conditions and the high water table in the
city intensify the vulnerability of the
environment to poor waste disposal practices.
Systems for collecting domestic, institutional, commercial and industrial solid
wastes are operating inefficiently, if at all. The city centre garbage collection
service is now privatised, run by private companies as well as Community- Based
Organisations and industries and other commercial enterprises. The Kabuma
dumpsite close to the Indian Ocean was used until 1988. There have been problem
in identifying suitable alternative site(s) for final solid waste disposal
following the closure of other sites such as Tabata, Mbagala Kilungule, Kabuma
and Kunduchi as a result of protests from residents. Since 1992 a new crude
dump at Vingunguti has been used. This dump is located at residential area
bounded by Msimbazi River and the residential area. The City Council has
earmarked other places for disposing of solid wastes in Kunduchi Mtongani
quarries in Kinondoni, Mbagala behind Saint Antony Secondary School in Temeke
and Pugu Kajiungeni at old Aduco in Ilala. Scavengers search and collect refuse
for re-use, some collect and cook food within the dump, build houses adjacent
to the dump and even in the dump itself. Solid waste flows into Msimbazi River
and finally into the ocean. As stated in FAO/UNEP Marine Pollution in East
Africa Region:
“In Tanzania a few kilometers stretch of
Dar-es-Salaam coast is polluted with sewage and industrial wastes. Faecal lumps
and floating solids litter areas around the harbour……..a foul odour due to
severe Oxygen depletion of the waters pervades the coastline. The natural flora
and fauna within the polluted areas have been smothered” (page 5 para. 88)
Agricultural wastes: About 900 sq. km. of DSM
are reserved for agriculture. Agriculture is still a major activity within the
city. Application of agro-chemicals, disposal and run-off of wastes is
uncontrolled. Contamination of soils, water sources and valuable resources is
widespread. The national inventory on obsolete pesticides and unwanted chemicals
conducted by NEMC 1997 revealed the presence of piles of stock of obsolete
pesticides of about 127,000 kg. and 123,000 kg. of veterinary wastes in various
water catchment areas or close to water
bodies kept in leaked containers and stores. Soil erosion sediments reach the Ocean
either directly or through seepage and runoffs or indirectly through the creeks
and rivers. The level of concentration of these chemicals and the load of
suspended materials in the rivers and estuaries has not yet been evaluated
Vehicle Traffic: Smoke emitted from cars pollutes the air. A
study conducted in 1996 by NEMC through the Commission for Energy, Environment,
Science and Technology (CEEST), revealed high levels of SO2 and Suspended
Particulate Matters in some selected locations within Dar es Salaam. There is
effective monitoring of air quality; industrial development, importation of
vehicles, population growth and construction are likely to increase the
problem.
Oil spills: In DSM there is one oil refinery situated in
Kigamboni near Dar es Salaam harbour. This plant receives 750,000 metric tons/
year of crude oil discharged from tankers into offshore coupling pipeline
located to the west of inner Makutumba Island. Apart from wastes produced in
the refining process the refinery also pollutes the marine environment by sporadic
oil spills which have resulted in chronic pollution of the harbour area and the
coastline. Oil from tankers, waste oil discharged from garages, thermal power
plants and few industries are disposed without any treatment or control
underground or into drains, rivers and creeks. There no statistical data as
the pollution load due to oil spillage.
Coastal erosion: The DSM beach stretches from Mpiji River to
the north for about 100 km and in the south to the Mzinga River and up to
Mpakani village. The width of beaches varies from 0 in the creek areas, such as
Gezaulole, Police Mess etc., to over 200m in other area, such as Mbweni, Ndege
beach, Ununio, Kunduchi, Bunyuni and other areas. The northern coast of DSM
between Msasani bay and Mbweni is an area of sensitive sand beach ridges of
tourist attraction. Erosion is common in areas under development pressure
(tourist hotels, institutions, residential villas and fishing villages also
caused by variation in the supply of sediment load to the coastal system by
rivers, quarrying of coraline limestone, sand and beach rocks.
Floods: A number of low-lying areas along the coast are
currently subject to occasional or regular marine inundation at high tides.
Soils characterized by mangrove swamps with poorly drained clay exhibiting high
shrink-swell properties. These areas are unsuited to urban development even if
engineered barriers are constructed for shore protection. Highly mobile of sand
dunes coupled with intense recreational use, under limited management, result
in beach erosion, which threatens property and physical structures. Sea level
rise in large parts of the coastline to the north and south of the city is a
potential environmental hazard. The City is dissected by a number of rivers
close to sea level which are easily flooded during both short and long rains.
The typical alluvial accumulation of silt and clay materials makes for poor
drainage posing the same development constraints as those found in coastal
swamps.
Fishing practices: Reefs break waves are breeding areas for
most marine flora and fauna. Dynamiting smashes the coral reefs and destroys
the habitat of fish and other reef dwelling organisms. The rubble of smashed
coral is subject to wave erosion and pollutes the marine environment.
Application of dynamite for fishing causes considerable adverse effects to
marine and coastal environment. Dynamite fishing cause explosion and fire and
produce toxic substances in ocean and air. Exposure to these substances affects
fishermen, damages fish
and bottom flora and fauna. Apart from fire and
explosion effects, dynamite fishing leads to overfishing and destroys fish
breeding grounds. The Aquamarine Profile of DSM region produced by NEMC 1995
indicates the main hot spots of dynamite fishing are Mwakatumbe islands,
Msasani bay, Sinda islands, Kimbiji, Pemba mnazi, Kunduchi and Mbweni-Ununuo
villages.
Environmental Impacts
Water Resources: A water quality survey conducted in 1988
identified extensive surface water pollution as:
·
High kjeldahl nitrogen and low
orthophosphate counts suggested extensive eutrophication, as ammonia released
from the decay of fresh sewage as well as all soluble phosphates was being
absorbed in the algae.
Pollution
load to surface water resources (kg/day)
Type |
Industrial Effluent |
Pit latrines |
Septic tanks |
Without facilities |
Total |
BOD |
28,330 |
15282 |
3275 |
9897 |
56784 |
COD |
29,904 |
16131 |
3457 |
10447 |
49776 |
Suspended solids |
47,216 |
25470 |
5458 |
16495 |
78429 |
Dissolved solids |
83,940 |
45280 |
9830 |
29325 |
13892 |
Total N |
4,145 |
2236 |
479 |
1448 |
6859 |
Total P |
787 |
425 |
91 |
275 |
1302 |
Source:
Managing sustainable growth and development of DSM by SDP
A survey of groundwater quality from a number of
boreholes drilled in 1980 concluded that its high salinity excluded if from
being considered as a potable resource. The salinity probably resulting from
the leaching of the predominantly saline sand / clay geology of the region
rather than saline intrusion. The majority of groundwater resources within the
built up area are also contaminated as a result of poor sanitary arrangements,
with more than 118,822 tons of polluted water discharged to the ground daily.
Projected 1991 pollution loads from land sources included 68tons BOD, 7tons
COD, 147tons Suspended Solids, and 219tons Dissolved Solids, 21tons of total
Nitrogen and 33tons of total Phosphorus; which result in high nutrients and
suspended solids loads, as well as occurrences of pathogens at places where
fresh excreta are released. The high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus result
in algae and seaweed blooms, the decay
of which combined with accumulated suspended matter on the foreshore could give
rise to the pungent odours occasionally experienced at low tide in the vicinity
of the Salender bridge and along ocean road.
Pollution
load to groundwater resources (kg/day),
1991 Projections
Type |
No facility |
Pit latrines |
Septic tanks |
Sewer Domestic |
Losses industry |
Total |
BOD |
1100 |
15282 |
7641 |
1221 |
1899 |
27 |
COD |
1161 |
16131 |
8068 |
1289 |
11994 |
29 |
Suspended solids |
1833 |
6116 |
3832 |
2035 |
3148 |
18 |
Dissolved solids |
3258 |
97857 |
61128 |
3618 |
5596 |
196 |
Total N |
120 |
4829 |
3018 |
3618 |
5596 |
10 |
Total P |
23 |
915 |
572 |
34 |
52 |
2 |
Source:
Managing sustainable growth and development of DSM by SDP
Shallow and deep wells are used to provide variable
qualities for washing rather than drinking water. More than 18,000 people
relying on groundwater from 144 shallow wells in 52 periurban villages. Many
industrialists also supplement the city supply with their own deep wells. There
are 51 such wells recorded within the city boundaries. The results of a survey in
1988 on quality of coastal waters (Managing sustainable growth and development
of DSM by SDP) suggesting that:
In 1999, NEMC conducted a rapid assessment of
Msimbazi river around Vingunguti Dumpsite (Report on Situation around
Vingunguti Crude Dump by NEMC, 1999). It was observed that at very place people
utilizes river water for domestic and agricultural purposes including fishing,
feeding animals, washing clothes, irrigating vegetables etc. while the river
water is not safe for human consumption or other uses. The results for the
analysis of the river water showed that the latter is contaminated from all
sorts of pollutants including toxic ones. Also, vegetables were found to be
contaminated by heavy metals.
Readings of pollutant loads in discharge
stabilization ponds and sea outfalls, off the ocean road have show high
turbidity but rapid dilution of discharges from short distance source and
therefore limited potential impacts on coral growth and mangrove forests.
Pollution loads discharged at DSM harbour and the Msimbazi creek, generally from
longer distance sources, reveal higher pollution loads (Managing sustainable
growth and development of DSM by SDP).
Wastewater
polluted loads affect sequentially the surface and ground water resources used
in the settlements, the nearby rivers and merge into the runoff reaching the
coastal area and later entering into the marine environment. Cumulative health
and environmental hazards emerge as a result of the combined impacts on living
conditions and the quality of natural resources from diverse point sources.
Marine pollution is typically the ultimate recipient of domestic pollutants in
"brown" and "black" wastewater discharged either directly
to the sea or indirectly through additional loads from agricultural runoff,
sediment and silt and oil wastes from industrial effluents.
Sea water quality: Measurements made in 1993 of heavy metals
and petroleum
hydrocarbons content of marine water along the
coast of DSM City and rivers entering the Indian Ocean are presented below.
Concentration of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons along the
Coast, 1993
Metal |
Area |
||||
|
Africana
Hotel beach |
Kawe
beach (Mbezi river) |
Kawe/
Msasani Mlalakuwa river |
Msimbazi
bay Msimbazi river |
Ferry (part
area) |
Zinc |
|
Present |
|
Present |
Present |
Iron |
Present |
|
Present |
Present |
Present |
Manganese |
|
|
|
Present |
Present |
Oil |
|
|
|
Present |
Present |
Source:
Msafiri M.J Marine Pollution Studies along Dar es Salaam, NEMC, 1993
There was high concentration of Zinc in Kawe beach
area and Msimbazi bay where rivers Mbezi and Msimbazi enter the ocean. This is
attributed to the disposal of industrial wastewater into or near the rivers by
industries located up-stream.
It was also
found that at the Africana Hotel Beach, Mlalakuwa and Msimbazi rivers and the
DSM Port area, iron concentration was high. High concentration is caused by the
wastes from tourist hotels along the beach, construction sites, workshops,
garages and industries located upstream along the rivers. High concentration
values are also found in Msimbazi bay (mouth of Msimbazi river) and the Port
areas due to the discharge of industrial wastes up-stream along Msimbazi river
adding to the wastes from anchored vessels, ships and boar repair activities in
the Port area. October 1999 NEMC conducted an industrial monitoring program for
selected categories of 13 industrial sectors within the city. The analysis of
pollutant concentration in the discharged wastewater to the receiving bodies
showed that:
The Fisheries Sector: Fishing is very
important in DSM for employment, family food supply and for animal feed.
Fishing methods include freshwater fishing, marine fishing, dynamite fishing
and beach seine. Freshwater fishing is mainly for household consumption.
Few lakes and ponds are used for inland fisheries resources in Mikocheni, Kawe,
Kimara, Tegeta, Boko, Mtoni and Pugu. Existing lakes include Luhanga,
Makurumula, Msimbazi River and Tandale. No data is available for the actual
catch. Marine fisheries employ more than 3000 men in villages such
as Mbweni, Ununio, Kunduchi, Mtongani, Kawe, Kimbiji, Gezaulole, Mjimwema etc.
Fish catch in 1995 was about 5,000 MT. The main types of fishnets are gillnets,
shark nets, sieve nets, hand lines and traps. Beach seine is practised
mostly by small-scale fishermen with canoes or small boats who fish in shallow
waters. The demand for fish in the city of DSM exceeds local supply. Fish is
imported from Lake Victoria, Mtera Dam, Ifakara,Lake Tanganyika and Nyumba ya
Mungu, while local fish is also exported. Fish handling methods are very poor.
At landing stations fish are thrown on sand at the beach where they are gutted
and de-scaled, the offal is left on the beach and decompose hence becomes a
source of pollution. Due to shortage of fresh water at these stations, fish are
washed with seawater, catches pile on the sand under high temperatures,
increasing the decomposition rate. Effects to fish due to pollution in marine
are expected. Through food chain process transferring of toxic pollutants to
consumers is highly possible. Although various surveys have been carried out to
determine the quality and quantity of fish resources, the impacts on fisheries
from land based pollutants and their costs have not been studies within the
framework of a cost-benefit analysis.
Mangroves: There are 2,266 ha of mangrove forests
distributed throughout the coastal area. They serve as a nursery for many
species and provide physical habitat for numerous fish, crustacean and many
varieties of important species and they are a threatened resource. They are cut
and used by local people for construction, export, firewood, charcoal making,
boat building and salt making and release land for rice farms. Most of the
mangrove tree cutting is unregulated and is carried out without permits
although mangrove forests are gazzetted as forest reserves.
Distribution
of Mangroves by district
District |
Location |
Area (ha) |
Temeke |
Mbezi river |
570.3 |
Mbuyuni |
476.7 |
|
Shugu/Mtandika |
270.8 |
|
Ras Dege |
245.0 |
|
Mbwa maji |
29.6 |
|
Mjimwema |
80.9 |
|
Mtoni |
378.4 |
|
Kinondoni |
Kunduchi Creek |
68.7 |
Ras Kiromoni |
20.2 |
|
Mbweni area |
100.6 |
|
Ilala |
Msimbazi river |
25.3 |
Source: An
aquamarine profile of Dar es Salaam region, March 1995 by NEMC
Marine
ecosystem (coral reefs, sea grasses and other marine life): Untreated municipal and
industrial wastewater discharges, runoff and sediments from rivers ultimately
reach the coastal and marine environment. The degradation of the marine
environment is often "out of sight" and responsibility is evaded on
the assumption that the "sink" capacity of the environment will
absorb the impact. Coastal area predominant in Coraline Islands, including Mbudya
sland, Bongoyo Island, Sinda Island,
Fungu Yasini Island, Pangavini Island and
Makatumbe Island. These islands in addition to
their diversity provide protection to the DSM coastline. Degradation from land
based pollutants has diverse ecological and productivity impacts that are not
valued in cost-benefit terms due to conceptual and measurement difficulties. It
is now increasingly recognized that at least part of the most important
indirect impacts on the marine environment, other than the direct impacts on
fisheries, can be estimated through the foregone tourism and recreation
opportunities. Coastal lagoons, mud flats and shallow mud-silt bottoms in
protected bays and estuaries associated with coral reefs form a good habitat
for sea grass and fish species. Degradation of habitats creates direct production
changes and indirect losses to the "existence or non-use" benefits
from marine resource quality. Apart from land-based pollutants, bad fishing
practices such as use of bottom traps, beach seines and explosive fishing
techniques, cause considerable damage to fish, bottom flora and fauna and coral
reefs and sea grasses.
Tourism:Tourism is one of the strongest linkages of coastal
ecology to measurable productivity aspects of coastal resources. Degradation of
the quality of the coastal environment is reflected in reduced environmental
quality and its productivity for sustainable tourism. Unlike biodiversity
changes that need deep research to determine, tourism impacts from environmental
degradation can be measures in terms of reduced revenues or loss of potential
revenues. Equally, increasing intensity of tourist related development is often
itself a cause of beach quality changes and a source of wastewater affecting
the coastal environment. In DSM not only present tourism opportunities are
limited due to the discharge of wastewater, but also the tourism development
that exists (for example Oyster Bay area, Africana and Kunduchi hotel area) is
unplanned, without appropriate infrastructure, suffering from lack of coastal
management capacities.
2. The Project
(a) Name of
the project:
Dar es Salaam Marine Ecology Conservation Project
(b) Name of
the Proposing Organization:
World Care-Tanzania
(c) Name of
Contact person
Mr. Rweyemamu Mutagaywa
(d) Contact
address:
World Care-Tanzania
P.O.Box 35059
Dar Es Salaam
Tanzania
Tel: 255 744 833682
Fax: 255 22 2410404
E-mail: worldcare@newafrica.com
(e) Project
area:
Dar es Salaam coastal areas
(f) Project
area:
Dar es Salaam coastal areas
(g) Project
duration:
The project duration will be three (3) years
(h) Objective
of the project:
Conservation and restoration of marine ecology in
Dar es Salaam coastal areas
-Indian Ocean
(i) Project
activities:-
i. Promotion of community
awareness in sustainable management of coastal and marine ecology.
ii. Promotion of
appropriate technology in conservation and restoration of marine ecology
including reef ball and mangrove development
(j) Project
components
i.
Awareness
ii.
Reef ball section
iii.
Mangrove section
(k)
Evaluation mechanism:
During implementation, there will be the project
proceeding reports at regular basis ranging from monthly report to annual
report. The proceeding reports will not only review activities undertaken but
also reviewing utilization of project resources
(l)
Resources utilization
All the project expenditures will be audited with
qualified auditors with its report being included in evaluation report.
(m) Community
participation:
The project will be implemented with consideration
of community involvement and participation. The project will be implemented
with methodology of PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal). This means the
community will be required to participate by all means according to their
ability.
(n)
Sustainability
By means of PRA methodology, the community will
have the opportunity to formulate strategic plan and responsibilities during
and after the project. Training of Trainers (TOT) will enable the community to
acquire skills for future use. However, the project will facilitate and
encourage an establishment of Community Based Organization (CBOs) as well as
working groups for sustainability of this project.
(o) Project
Management& staff: -To be discussed
(p) Project
inputs and requirements, budget-To be discussed